Living environment 9 Quarter 2 Quarterfinal

What is transport

Absorption and distribution of materials throughout the body

What are the 3 major functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

What are the components of blood

Red blood cells, Plasma and white blood cells

What is plasma

The watery component of blood

What is present in plasma

Salt sugar and amino acids

What do white blood cells do

protect the body against disease causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

Yes

Where is plasma made

In bone marrow and lymphatic tissue

Do red blood cells have a nucleus

No

Where is hemoglobin found

Red blood cells

What do red blood cells look like

Disc shaped and thinner in the middle

Where are red blood cells made

bone marrow

What are platelets?

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

Do platelets have a nuclei

No

How can blood have clotting problems

Not having enough platelets in the blood or a lack of vitamin k

What is the RH factor

Another protein on red blood cells membrane which is designed by a (+ or -)

What is active immunity?

When something has the desease, and when they make antibodies against it.

What is passive immunity

When a person gets injected with antibodies

What do arteries do?

Carry blood away from the heart

Where can pulse be felt

arteries

What are capillaries

Thin walled vessels, so thin that oxygen and CO2 along with nutrients and wastes are extanged here

What do veins do

Carry blood back to the heart

Where is the heart located

The left side of the chest cavity

What is the heart made out of

cardiac muscle

What covers the heart

Pericardium

How many chambers does the heart have

4

How big is the heart

The size of a fist

What does the right side of the heart do

It sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs

What does the left side of the heart do

Sends oxygenated blood to the body

What controls the direction of blood flow inside the heart

4 flap like valves

What is the heartbeat cycle

Pumping action of the heart

What happens when heart valves open and close

they make a lub dub sound

What happens when valves don't close tightly

A heart murmor

What controls the heartbeat

the sinoatrial node

What is the pacemaker

A small group located in the walls of the right atrium

What happens when your pacemaker fails

An artificial battery powered can be inserted into the body.

What is a sphygmomanometer?

device used to measure blood pressure

What is hypertension?

high blood pressure, occurs when a persons blood pressure remains high throughout the heartbeat cycle

How many pathways of blood are there

Multiple

What are the major pathways of the circulatory system

coronary circulation, hepatic portal and renal circulation

What are allergies

in some people exposure common foreign substances such as dust pollen insect bites, foods and drugs

What are lymph nodes

various places along lymph vessels

what do lymph nodes do

they play a role in defense against disease

What do antibodies destroy

bacteria and viruses

what do antibodies get rid of

antigens that enter the body

what are antibodies made by

white blood cells

what do antigens cause

antibodies to form

what are antigens

foreign substances that invade the body and cause disease

What is AIDS?

a disease of the immune system

what are AIDS caused by

a virus that reprodices only in white blood cells

where are AIDS present

in blood and body fluids

where is AIDS passed from

an infected person to another infected person

What is lymph

a fluid that bathes all the cells of the body

what does lymph consist of

mainly fluids that escape the blood through the walls of the capillaries

Air Sacs

The structures at the end of a bronchiole; each composed of a cluster of alveoli.

Alveolus

Small, cup-shaped cavities in the air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Ammonia

A gas made of nitrogen & hydrogen; made by bacteria and decaying plants and animals; made by the body when proteins break down; found in water, soil, and air.

Asthma

An allergic reaction characterized by a narrowing of the bronchial tubes and results in difficulty breathing.

Bile

A fluid secretion of liver cells that aids in the break-downs of fats.

Breathing Rate

Controlled by the portion of the brain called the medulla. It increases when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is high.

Bronchi

Two cartilage-ringed tubes that branch off of the trachea and enter the lungs.

Bronchial Tubes

The branches of the bronchi.

Bronchioles

The finest branches of the bronchial tubes; each ends in an air sac.

Bronchitis

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Tubes become narrowed and filled with mucus, causing breathing difficulties and coughing.

Capillaries

Microscopic blood vessels; surround the aveolus.

Cartilaginous Rings

C-shaped rings present in the trachea to prevent it from collapsing; allows the trachea to move and flex when we breathe.

Cilia

Short, hairlike organelles at the surface of a cell, with the capacity for movement.

Circulation

The flow of blood through the heart and blood vessels, and the flow of lymph through the lymph vessels.

Deamination

The removal of an amino group from a molecule.

Detoxification

A process in which the liver uses one of two major enzyme pathways to change a toxic substance, such as an anti cancer drug, into a less toxic substance that is easier for the body to excrete.

Diaphragm

The muscle that forms the floor of the chest cavity.

Emphysema

A disease in which the walls of the alveoli break down, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange. It is characterized by shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, and decreased lung capacity. Caused by smoking.

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing so that food passes only into the esophagus.

Excretion

The removal of waste substances from an organism.

External Respiration

(Breathing) involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air into the atmosphere (exhalation).

Hemoglobin

A substance that increases the amount of oxygen the blood can carry.

Internal Respiration

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.

Kidneys

A pair of organs in vertebrates that excrete nitrogenous (contains nitrogen) wastes and regulate the blood's chemical balance; produce urine.

Lactic Acid

Assists in cell respiration (anaerobic), glucose production, and molecule signaling.

Larynx

The voice box; connects the pharynx with the trachea; deeper voice - men - thicker vocal cords (adam's apple)

Liver

An organ that secretes bile and removes toxic substances from the blood.

Lungs

In vertebrates, the organs specialized for the exchange of gases between the blood and the atmosphere; bronchi; bronchioles/bronchiole tubes); alveoli (wrapped in capillaries).

Lung Cancer

Tumors form in the lungs due to uncontrolled cell growth.

Metabolic Waste

Left over products of the breakdown of complex molecules and the incorporation of them for energy to synthesize them.

Mineral Salts

Inorganic salts that need to be ingested or absorbed by living organisms for healthy growth and maintenance.

Nasal Passages

The hollow spaces in the nose through which air flows from the nostril to the pharynx.

Nasal Cavity

Air enters here; air is moistened by mucus, warmed, and filtered by cilia (hairlike structures) here.

Nostril

One of the two external openings to the nasal cavity in the nose.

Perspiration

The release of liquid from the body's sweat glands/the process of sweating.

Pharynx

The throat.

Pleura

A thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

Pneumonia

A condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing gas exchange.

Respiratory Surface

A moist surface through which the exchange of respiratory gases takes place (must be thin, moist and in contact with oxygen).

Ribs

The bony framework of the thoracic cavity; flat, narrow, and curved strips of bones that are found in all vertebrates.

Trachea

The tube through which air passes from the pharynx to the lungs; held open by rings of cartilage; epiglottis prevents food from entering.

Urea

A nitrogenous waste formed from ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Ureter

A tube that carries urine from a kidney to the bladder.

Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Urinary Bladder

A saclike organ where urine is stored before bing excreted.

Urine

An excretory liquid composed of water, urea, and salts.