Gynecological Conditions and Breast Cancer

Flashcards about common gynecological conditions, cancers, and breast issues.

What is considered a normal bleeding duration for a single menstrual period?

8 days or less

How is a female's period considered regular?

If the difference between her shortest and longest cycle is no more than 7 to 9 days.

How often does normal uterine bleeding begin?

Every 24 to 38 days

What does AUB stand for?

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

What are the two types of AUB?

Heavy menstrual bleeding (AUB/HMB) and Intermenstrual bleeding (AUB/IMB)

What does the acronym PALM in the PALM-COEIN classification system represent?

Structural causes of AUB: Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy and hyperplasia

What does the acronym COEIN in the PALM-COEIN classification system represent?

Nonstructural causes of AUB: Coagulopathy, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic, Not yet classified

What is adenomyosis?

Endometrial-type tissue within the myometrium (muscle tissue of the uterus)

What are leiomyomas?

Benign tumors of the uterus

What is a cardinal sign of endometrial cancer after menopause?

Vaginal bleeding

What is von Willebrand disease?

A common clotting disorder that may be hereditary or acquired

What is suspected if females experience varying cycles for more than one year with blood volumes that vary from light to heavy?

Ovulatory dysfunction

Name medications that may cause ovulatory disorders.

antidepressants, antipsychotics, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, and hormonal contraceptives

How are endometrial issues diagnosed as a cause for AUB?

Diagnosed when other disorders are excluded.

What does iatrogenic cause of AUB mean?

AUB is caused by medical examinations or treatment

Give an example of an iatrogenic cause of AUB.

anticoagulation therapy or intrauterine devices

What is dysmenorrhea?

Pain with menstruation that limits daily activities and responsibilities.

When does primary dysmenorrhea usually begin?

2 to 5 years after menarche

Name a few symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea.

Cramps to lower abdomen, fatigue, headache, diarrhea, nausea, and malaise.

What is the first-line treatment for dysmenorrhea?

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal contraceptives

What is endometriosis?

The presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.

Name a few symptoms of endometriosis.

dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, infertility, pelvic mass, heavy menstrual bleeding, bowel and/or bladder dysfunction, low back pain, and chronic fatigue

What is a common explanation for the cause of endometriosis?

Retrograde menstruation

What does first-line treatment generally include for endometriosis?

NSAIDs and hormonal contraception

Name some pelvic organs that may be involved in pelvic organ prolapse.

Bladder (cystocele), rectum (rectocele), bowel (enterocele), or uterus

Name some risks for pelvic floor prolapse.

Giving birth (risk increases with the number of births),Vaginal births, Obesity

What are some signs and symptoms of pelvic prolapse?

Vaginal pressure, Pelvic pain, Bulge at the opening of the vagina, Problems with defecation or urination, Sexual dysfunction

Name a few treatments for pelvic prolapse.

Vaginal pessaries, pelvic floor physical therapy, or surgery

Name some risks for developing urinary incontinence.

Aging, past pregnancy, vaginal birth, obesity, or family history

Name the three main types of incontinence.

Stress incontinence, Urge or urgency incontinence and Overflow incontinence

When is natural menopause achieved?

When a female has not menstruated for a full 12 months in the absence of any other reason.

What is the time prior to menopause referred to as?

Perimenopause

Name a few perimenopause symptoms.

Menstrual irregularities, vaginal dryness (decreased estrogen), disturbed sleep, depression, sleep apnea, insomnia, and mood symptoms.

Name a few functional ovarian cysts.

Follicular cysts and Corpus luteum cysts

Name a nonfunctional ovarian cysts.

Dermoid cysts, or mature cystic teratomas

What is PCOS?

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: the most common cause of infertility and subfertility in women

What is TNM staging system?

System to stage cancers based on the size and extent of the primary tumor (T), the number of lymph nodes to which the cancer has spread (N), and metastasis (M)

What are the two main types of uterine cancer?

Uterine sarcoma and endometrial adenocarcinoma

What type of gynecological cancer is the leading cause of death in the United States and why?

Ovarian cancer because of vague symptoms and late diagnosis.

What does Micromastia refer to?

Underdevelopment of breast tissue and is not considered to be pathological.