DNA and Protein Synthesis

Hereditary

Hereditary

DNA is the only ____________ molecule

Protein

The thing that protein codes for

22000

About how many genes do humans have?

Chromatin

Loose DNA not wound into a chromosome

Chromosome

DNA wound up into a small package for cell division

Nucleus

Where in the cell is DNA stored?

No

Does each cell have different DNA?

All living things

Who has DNA

Double helix

The shape of a DNA molecule

Hydrogen bond

The bond that connects nucleotides in DNA

Nucleotides

Monomers of DNA molecule

Thymine

The nucleotide that bonds with adenosine

adenosine

The nucleotide that bonds with thymine

Guanine

The nucleotide that bonds with cytosine

Cytosine

The nucleotide that bonds with guanine

Nucleotide

What does this image show?

Deoxyribose and phosphate

What is the tan part made up of?

The backbone

What does the phosphate and deoxyribose part of the nucleotide make up?

Fredrick Griffith

In the 1930s he discovered that there was a transforming bacteria that was passed from cell to cell.

Oswald Avery

Continued Griffith’s research with the same bacteria. Evidence that the transforming factor was probably DNA

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Did elegant experiment with bacteriophages that showed DNA was definitely the hereditary molecule, not protein.

Edwin Chargaff

Figured out that the base pairs occurred in equal proportions.

Watson and Crick

Awarded the Nobel Prize for figuring out the structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin

Largely unrecognized scientist who contributed a picture of DNA that led to the discovery of the structure of DNA.

Photo 51

Rosalind Franklin took a photo of DNA called

DNA replication

Copying all of your DNA in a cell

New cell

DNA performs replication to make another strand of itself for a __ ____

Before mitosis

When does DNA perform replication?

mitosis

When the cell splits apart

Helicase

the enzyme that unzips the DNA for replication.

Polymerase

The enzyme that bonds the floating nucleotides to the old half strand from replication.

Semi-conservative replication

When DNA unzips in half and then new nucleotides are attached to form another identical strand.

Purines

The bases that have two parts. Adenosine and guanine

Pyrimidines

The bases that have one part. Cytosine and thymine.

46

How many chromosomes do we have

23

How many chromosome pairs do we have

pairs

Chromosomes come in _____ because you get one from each parent.

Karyotype

A picture of chromosomes

Homologous pair

A pair of chromosomes with the same set of genes

Sex chromosomes

The 23rd chromosomes that are passed on from parents and determine the biological sex of the child.

Autosomes

The first 22 chromosomes

Chromatid

A single chromosome

Duplicated Chromosome

A chromosome that has undergone semi conservative replication

Histones

Proteins that DNA wraps around to form a chromosome

Gene

Code for proteins

Genome

total number of genes in the human body

Transcription

Copying a gene into mRNA

Translation

Translating the mRNA into a chain of amino acids with the help of tRNA and rRNA

Codon

A code for an amino acid. A triplet of mRNA nucleotides

Uracil

For transcription, replace what would be translated to thymine for ______

Protein synthesis

Making a gene into amino acids

Amino acids

The monomer of proteins

Genes

Cells are different because they only read some ______, not all 22,000

Mutation

A change in the base sequence of DNA or RNA as a result of radiation or mutagens

Frameshift mutation

A mutation where nucleotides are added or deleted. Shifts the entirety of the gene and all codons are changed.

Point mutation

A mutation where one nucleotide is changed. Just the codon that it is in in affected. This usually has less severe consequences.

Silent mutation

A mutation that doesn’t cause a protein change

reproductive

Only DNA in __________ cells get passed on to offspring

tRNA

RNA that transports amino acids to the mRNA chain.

mRNA

RNA that is a result of transcription