APWHM Ginnochio: Chapter 24.5, 25.1, 26, 27 Test (Old Spring Break Reading Quiz)

total war

The kind of warfare that emerged in the world wars; vast resources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort; resulted from impact of industrialization on the military effort reflecting technological innovation and organizational capacity.

How did the United States approach the war?

As a campaign of liberation

Atlantic Charter of 1941

World War II alliance agreement between the US and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization.

Who staunchly rejected the offers made by the National Congress Party?

Indian Viceroy and Winston Churchill

Sir Stafford Cripps

sent by British to negotiate with India for their eventual independence, his initiative collapsed

Quit India Movement

Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Who was arrested by the British

Gandhi, Nehru

Who did Gandhi meet with?

King George V, he was only wearing a khadi cloth.

Muslim League

Founded in1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muslim nationalist leader in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan.

When was Gandhi killed?

January 30th, 1948

Ceylon

Sri Lanka

Nwame Nkrumah

Launched process of decolonization in Africa beginning in Ghana.

The four most charismatic independence leaders were?

Mohandas Gandhi, Léopold Sédar Senghor, Gamal Abdul Nasser, Nwame Nkrumah

Convention People's Party

Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast.

Félix Houphouët-Boigny

President of Ivory Coast who died in 1993

Jomo Kenyatta

Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya Africa Union (KAU); failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau.

Kenyan African Union

Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s.

Land and Freedom Army

Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau.

National Liberation Front (FLN)

Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958.

Secret Army Organization (OAS)

Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerrilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence.

Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (PGAR)

Showed in a picture of Algerians celebrating independence

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch settlers

Afrikaner National Party

Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid.

Apartheid

Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.

Jerusalem was an

International Zone

Haganah

Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s.

Bretton Woods Conference established:

International Monetary Fund and World Bank

International Monetary Fund

Organization that stabilizes international currencies so that countries can interact with each other.

World Bank

Institution that encourages international economic growth through loans to nations and regions in need of development.

World trade Organization

Added in 1995 to work on lowering barriers to world trade.

What was France's oldest African colony?

Algeria

Cold War

The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.

Eastern Bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Members of the Warsaw Pact

Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Harry Truman

American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war.

Iron Curtain

Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946

Marshall Plan

Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.

What was the focal point of the cold war in the early years?

Germany

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact

Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

Welfare State

New activism of the Western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.

The Seven Rules of Health

Fresh air, exercise, sleep, keeping clean, handling food, milk for children, leisure

Technocrat

New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II.

What group was the major source of Western protest?

College students and campuses

Green Movement

Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth

European Union

Began as European Economic Community (or Common Market), an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, to create a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland, and other nations for further European economic integration.

What did Canada and the US sign

a free trade agreement

What was Eisenhower's policy

Containment

What happened to the US after the Cold War?

It became the worlds "only superpower"

New Feminism

New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female.

The Second Sex

written by Simone de Beauvior, teacher, novelist, and writer; challenged marrige, the basic unit of modern society; theorized that marriage held women back because of male-dominated societies; recognized females as the "Other" and as second-class citizens

The Feminine Mystique

written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

New York

What replaced Paris as the center of international styles?

Francis Crick, James Watson

Who discovered the function of DNA

The Beatles

Who were the post popular figures of 60s pop-culture?

Berlin Wall

Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991.

Solidarity

Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland.

The Orthodox Church and other religions

What did the Soviet Leaders declare war on and replace with Marxist scientific ideology?

Soviet May Day Parades

An example of devotion to the Soviet State and communism.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of Western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago

Nikita Krushchev

Stalin's successor as head of USSR from 1953 to 1964; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over nuclear Soviet missiles in Cuba.

PRI

Party of the Institutionalized Revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.

Zapatistas

Guerilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Agreement that created a free-trade area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Costa Rica and Venezuela

What Latin American countries had democratic parties win open elections?

Juan José Arevalo

Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as United Fruit Company.

Spiritual Socialism

an ideology that guided Juan José Arevalo's reforms in Guatemala

United Fruit Company

Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at United Fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954.

Fulgencio Batista

Dictator of Cuba from 1934 to 1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by revolution led by Fidel Castro.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on Soviet Union

Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Argentine revolutionary; aided Fidel Castro in overthrow of Fulgencio Batista regime in Cuba; died while directing guerrilla movement in Bolivia in 1967.

Barbudos

Bearded rebels who assisted Castro.

Liberation Theology

Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in 20th century.

Salvador Allende

President of Chile; nationalized industries and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of Chilean military with the support of the United States.

Sendero Luminoso

A long sustained leftist guerrilla movement that controlled areas of the countryside while trying to disrupt national elections in Peru.

Sandinista Party

Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s

Augusto Sandino

Led a guerrilla resistance movement against U.S. occupation forces in Nicaragua; assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934; became national hero and symbol of resistance to U.S. influence in Central America.

Banana Republics

Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be either corrupt or subservient to U.S. interests.

Good Neighbor Policy

Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics.

Alliance for Progress

Begun in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention.

Tehran Conference

1943: The decision was made to open a new WW2 front in France rather than in the Balkans. Churchill saw that Eastern Europe would fall to Stalin but Roosevelt needed help in the Pacific.

Yalta Conference

February 1945: Europe was divided into the Eastern Bloc and Western Europe (beginning of NATO vs Warsaw), the United Nations was established, Stalin agrees to help invade Japan once Germany unconditionally surrenders.

Potsdam Conference

July 1945: Soviets secure control over Eastern Europe, Germany and Austria are divided, Atley replaces Churchill in Britain.