social stratification

Absolute poverty

People experience this when their income is insufficient to obtain the minimum needed to survive

Achieved status

Social positions that are earned on the basis of personal talents or individual merits

Ageism

Prejudice or discrimination based on age

Asylum seeker

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

What is the culture of poverty?

The idea that there are deeply entrenched habits in some populations.

What is a consequence of the culture of poverty?

It makes it difficult for members to adjust to lifestyle changes.

Cycle of deprivation

The idea that deprivation and poverty are passed on through generations of families

Dependency culture

Some people who rely on state benefits are seen as developing a way of life in which they become so dependent on benefits that they lose the motivation to work

Ethnic diversity

The marked differences between people of many ethnic groups, as well as slight variations in behaviour of people in the same ethnic group that coexist within the greater culture

Ethnic group

A social group whose members share an identity based on their cultural traditions or characteristics

Ethnic minority

A group of people within a community which have different national or cultural traditions from the main population

Glass ceiling

An invisible barrier to promotion faced by women in the workplace

Income

The flow of resources which individuals and households receive over a long period of time

What is institutional racism?

This occurs when an organisation fails to provide appropriate services to people because of their ethnicity or colour.

What case revealed institutional racism in the police?

The Stephen Lawrence case.

What report concluded that the police were guilty of institutional racism?

The Macpherson report.

Life chances

An individuals chances of achieving positive or negative outcomes as they progress through life

Means testing

A test to establish need before financial help from public funds given

Middle class

The social group between upper and working class and consists of well educated people

Patriarchy

Male power and dominance over women

Poverty trap

A situation in which an increase in someone's income is offset by a consequence loss of state benefits leaving them no better off

Racial discrimination

When a person is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation due to their race

Racial equality

An equal regard to all races

Racial prejudice

A negative attitude towards a group of people based on race

Racism

Discrimination directed at someone due to their race, skin colour etc on the basis of the belief that their race is superior

Relative poverty

The condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living

Scapegoat

An individual or group (such as economic migrants) that are blamed for something that isn't their fault

Selective benefits

Welfare state benefits that are delivered to select people on the basis on what they need it for

Sex discrimination

The belief that one gender is superior to the other, usually men>women

Sexism

Prejudice or discrimination based on gender

Social exclusion

Being shut out or excluded from participation in society's social, economic, political or cultural life

Social mobility

The movements of categories of people within of between social strata in society

Social security

Monetary assistance from the state for people with an inadequate or no income

Socio-economic class

People having the same social, economic or educational status

Social stratification

The way society is structured or divided into hierarchical strata or layers

Stereotype

A fixed, standardised and distorted view of the characteristics of a particular group

Subjective poverty

Seeing oneself as poor or very poor

Underclass

A group who's attitudes and values are different to those of mainstream society under underclass

Unemployment

People experience this when they do not have paid employment but tu are actively seeking work

Universal benefits

Are given to anyone who fit a specific criteria regardless of income

Voluntary sector

Comprised of organisations whose purpose is to benefit society often without profit as a motive and with little or no government intervention

Wealth

The ownership of assets such as property, land etc

Welfare reform

A movement to change the federal governments social welfare poverty which shifted responsibility to the states and cut benefits

Welfare state

A system in which the Tate takes responsibility for protecting the health and welfare of the citizens and meeting their social needs

Working class

The social group constituent of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work

Authority

Traditional (like the queen), legal rational (like prime ministers) and charismatic (because of personality)

Moral Panic

a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance fearing the breaking down of values

What is the Old Boys' Network?

An informal social and business network of high-level male executives.

Who is typically excluded from the Old Boys' Network?

Women and minorities.

Why is access to the Old Boys' Network important?

It is often an important factor in career advancement.

What is the Affluent Worker theory also known as?

Embourgeoisement

What does the Affluent Worker theory describe?

A process by which bourgeois aspirations become institutionalised among the working class

What standard and style of life does the Affluent Worker theory associate with the working class?

Bourgeois standard and style of life

Crisis of masculinity

The idea that the norms for being a man are not clear anymore. Men are not sure of their place in society

Medical Model of Disability

Sees disability as a problem that the person has

What does the Social Model of Disability frame as the main issue?

It frames disability as a problem with society.

What types of barriers does the Social Model of Disability identify?

Environmental, social, and organizational barriers.