Module 4

Epiphysis

The end of the bone

Diaphysis

The long shaft of the bone

Growth Plate

Epiphyseal Plate

Metaphysis

Where the epiphysis connects to the diaphysis

Axial Skeleton

CENTER: Skull, spine, sternum, and ribs

Vertebral Sections

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral

Appendicular Skeleton

EVERYTHING THAT ISN’T the skull, spine, sternum, or ribs

Ligaments

Join bone to bone

Tendons

Join muscle to bone. Generate force and move the bones

Cartilage

Allows for smooth movement; can be found at the end of bones in each MOVABLE joint

Bursae

Sacks of fluid found under tendons to cushion the structures that surround the joint and prevent fraying of the tendons with repeated movement

Fascia

Thin sheet of connective tissue covering muscle fibers

Types of muscle

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Skeletal muscle

striated muscle; encased in fascia

Cardiac Muscle

Also has striations but is only found in the heart. Involuntary control

Smooth Muscle

No specific bundles. Lines hollow organs like blood vessels, airways, and the digestive system. Involuntary control

Oste/o

Bone

Crani/o

Head or skull

Cervic/o

Neck

Cost/o

Rib

Costectomy

Removal of a rib

intercostal

pertaining to between the ribs

limb/o or lumb/o

lower back

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

wrist

dactyl/o

finger

femor/o

femur or thighbone

tibi/o

tibia

tars/o

ankle

chondr/o

cartilage

arthr/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

muscul/o, my/o, myos/o

muscle

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

kinesi/o

human movement

Subjective

what the patient reports to the health care provider

hypotonia

decrease in normal muscle tone or tension

Hypertonia

increase in normal muscle tone or tension

Dyspraxia and ataxia

poor coordination

dyskinesia

inability to control movement

bradykinesia

slow movement

Genu Valgum and Varum

Knock-kneed and bow-legged respectively

myasthenia

muscle weakness

graphospasm

writer’s cramp

CAT Scan

Computed axial tomography. Uses a computer to produce cross sectional slices along an axis.

MRI

Magnetic Resonance imaging. Show soft tissue like muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Fractures in bone

EMG

electromyography. Done by inserting needles or the use of surface electrodes. Test the ability of a nerve to conduct electrical signals down its entire length

Kyphosis

Abnormal, forward curvature of the upper spine. Looks like hunchback. It is commonly seen in elderly people as a results of lots of tiny spinal fractures on the front of the thoracic vertebrae that make them cave in on themselves. 

Lordosis

Abnormal curvature of the lower spine. Makes the patient seem like they are leaning back. It is commonly seen in women late in pregnancy or people with large amount of abdominal fat due to the forward shift and their center of gravity. 

Scoliosis

Abnormal, lateral curvature of the spine. Most commonly located in the thoracic and lumbar regions. Often during rapid growth.

Bone fracture

A break observed in the bone

Transverse Fracture

Horizontal Line across the bone

Oblique Fracture

Diagonal (straight slanted line)

Spiral Fracture

Jagged, slanted line

Angulated Fracture

slanted line with the bone bending AWAY

Displaced Fracture

bone being severed and offset

Angulated and displaced

a severed bone overlapping at the edges of the break demonstrates an angulated and displaced fracture. 

Effusion

Fluid buildup

Edema

Swelling caused by too much fluid

atrophy

underdevelopment, decrease, or loss of muscle

hypertrophy

overdevelopment of muscle tissue

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint

Arthrogram

visual record of a joint

Arthroscope

instrument for looking into a joint

arthrography

procedure used to examine a joint

Electromyogram

a record of the electrical activity of a muscle

Myography

procedure for studying muscles

Syndactyly

fused fingers

Polydactyly

extra fingers

Spondylitis

vertebra inflammatiton

Carpitis

wrist inflammation

Osteodystrophy

poor bone development

Osteolysis

bone destruction

Osteonecrosis

death of bone

Osteosclerosis

abnormal hardening of bone

Exostosis

bone growth

Craniomalacia

softening of the skull

Spondylomalacia

softening of the vertebra

Tarsoptosis

flat feet

Bursolith

a stone in a bursa

Hemarthrosis

blood in a joint

Hydrarthrosis

water (fluid) in a joint

Pyarthrosis

pus in a joint

Myolysis

loss of muscle tissue

Myomalacia

softening of a muscle

Myosclerosis

hardening of a muscle

Myotonia

muscle tone

Myotasis

stretching of a muscle

Myocele

hernia of muscle tissue

osteosarcoma

cancerous tumor arising out of bone cells. often occurs in the long bones

Osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bone disease, is a genetic disease in which the bones do not develop correctly

osteopenia

a reduction in bone volume

osteoporosis

 bone density loss

Spinal stenosis

abnormal narrowing of the spinal column

 Arthritis

inflammation of the joint

Osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bone and joint

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease which causes the body to attack its own joints

Subluxation

partial dislocation of a joint

muscular dystrophy

a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass

Tendonitis

the tissue connecting muscle to bone becomes inflamed