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What is the number 1 overall skill rated as important by employers?
Oral/ Written communication
What % of communication graduates secured a first destination?
92%
What are the main reasons scientists perform research?
1.) Explain
2.) Predict
3.) Make a difference
What is the first general format of research?
Abstract - General Overview (sparknotes)
What is the second general format of research?
Introduction - What has been done before and contribution? (why do we care)
What is the third general format of research?
Method- What did they do? (recipe)
What is the fourth general format of research?
Results-What did they find?
What is the fifth general format of research?
Discussion-What does it mean?
What is a variable?
Any concept that can have 2 or more values
What is a nominal variable?
Categorical variables with no numerical data (car brands, religion--> can't tell what's better)
What is Ratio data?
Interval data with a natural zero point (can tell whats better--> grades, money)
What is Interval measure?
Rankings (top 10 voting)
What is a conceptual definition?
A statement that describes a concept in terms of its theoretical concept
What is an operational definition?
A statement that describes a concept in terms of its observable characteristics or behaviors.
What is anger?
An emotional state of displeasure (can be measured)
What is an experimental research?
A controlled test of a cause and effect relationship between variables with independent and dependent variables
What are confounding varaibles?
Not assessed but obscure the relationship between two measured variables (it cannot be measured)
What is a hypothesis?
A prediction or educated guess
What is a research question?
Initial investigation into something that's never been asked/ done before
In an experimental research, what does O, X, and R mean?
1.) O= Measurement (survey)
2.) X= Message
3.) R= Random assignment
What experimental research anatomy is this?
Group 1= X O1
One shot case study
What experimental research anatomy is this?
Group 1= R O1 X O2
Group 2= R O1 O2
Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design
What experimental research anatomy is this?
Group 1= R X O1
Group 2= R O1
Posttest-Only Control Group Design
What experimental research anatomy is this?
Group 1= R O1 X O2
Group 2= R O1 O2
Group 3= R X O1
Group 4= R O1
Solomon Four Design
What is descriptive research?
Research occurring within a naturalistic setting
What are the common descriptive research methods?
1.) In-depth interviews
2.) Focus groups
3.) Observations
What is member checking?
Interviews that verify, validate, or comment on information obtained by other sources
What is data saturation?
The point in data collection when no new or relevant info is obtained
What are the keys to making studies significant?
1.) Hypothesis/ research question is clearly presented
2.) Feasibility of study
3.) Theoretical and practical contribution
What is validity?
The degree to which a study adequately reflects real meaning of a phenomenon
What is external validity?
The degree to which study findings can be generalized to other samples and contexts
What is Internal validity?
Whether outcomes are a results of an experimental treatment
What are the things I should research?
1.) Yourself (find a job you like/resume)
2.) Network (elevator pitch)
3.) Job (research it)
4.) Company
5.) Mission
6.) Current projects
What are the major reasons to research jobs you want?
1.) Tailored resume/cover letter
2.) Intelligent discussion during interview
3.) Questions you can prepare
Why did you leave your last job?
1.) Reached as high as you could
2.) Don't drag old company into it
3.) location, oppurtunity, and advancement
What is your greatest weakness?
Choose a real weakness
Show how you are overcoming it
How to describe your worst supervisor?
Keep it BRIEF
Don't make it personal
Asking questions as an interviewee
-Prepare more questions than needed
-Organize by importance
-Ask open-ended questions
Questions to avoid as an interviewee
1.) The have to question
2.) Saying "tell me a little bit"
3.) The uninformed question
4.) The me question
Two senses of argument
1) Argument as reason giving
2) Argument as overt disagreement
Definition of argument
Making a claim about a person, place, or thing and supporting it with reasons for the benefit of some audience
Claims can be correct but poorly ___?
Justified
Claims can be incorrect but still be ___?
Justified
Many arguments are ___? despite being poorly justified
Persuasive
What is the purpose of studying argument?
to better understand what other people mean with their words
By studying argument you learn how to live beyond ___ ___?
Societal clichés
Claim question
What's your point?
Grounds question?
What do you have to go on?
Qualifier question?
How sure are you?
Warrant?
How did you get from grounds to claim?
Backing?
What supports your warrant and grounds?
Rebuttal?
Are there any exceptions to your claim?
Standards for a good argument?
Acceptability, relevance, and sufficiency
acceptability?
Has to make sense, reasonable, and believable
Relevance?
Does it match-up with claim?
Sufficiency?
multiple pieces of evidence pointing in same direction
What is a fallacy?
Common weaknesses in arguments
Fallacy of Relevance
Grounds are not connected to claim
Fallacy of ambiguity
Manipulates information in misleading ways
Fallacy of presumption
False assumptions are at heart of the argument
Fallacy of relevance is an appeal to __?
Authority
Fallacy of ambiguity is also called?
Straw man
Fallacy of presumption is a?
Hasty Generalization
Persuasion definition
a symbolic process in which communicators try to convince other people to change their attitudes or behaviors regarding an issue through the transmission of a message in an atmosphere of free choice
The first persuasion breakdown
Symbolic process
The second persuasion breakdown
Influence attempt
The third persuasion breakdown
People persuade themselves
The fourth persuasion breakdown
Transmission of message
The fifth persuasion breakdown
Requires free choice
Coercion definition?
Utilizes force intending to make people act in the way the coercer wants
Manipulation definition
A deceptive influential attemot that benefits the manipulator
The first persuasive effect?
Reinforcing
The second persuasive effect?
Shaping
The third persuasive effect?
Changing
3 rhetorical proofs?
logos, ethos, pathos
What is logos
Appeal to logic
What is Ethos
Appeal to character/ credibility
What is pathos
Appeal to emotions
What famous book did Aristotle publish we still use today?
The Rhetoric
Credibility definition
The quality of being trusted and believable
What is the first dimension of credibility?
Competence
What is the second dimension of credibility?
Trustworthiness
What is the third dimension of credibility?
Goodwill
What is the fourth dimension of credibility?
Social Attractiveness
What happened between animated and static workers?
Animated were more effective
How did the animated/static study conduct?
White people talked to the white guy and black people talked to the black guy more
What is central processing?
Effortful deep thoughts that take time and are motivated and competent thatbb occur consciously
What is a peripheral route?
Effortless processing that takes no time and can occur consciously and unconsciously
What factors influence message processing?
1.) Motivation
2.) Ability
What is the balance theory?
A triad of relationships that includes two people and an issue
What ways do we resolve conflict?
1.) Denial
2.) Bolstering
3.) Differentiation
4.) Transcendence
What is the diffusion theory?
Explains how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communications
Innovation-decision process?
1.) Knowledge
2.) Persuasion
3.) Decision
4.) Implementation
5.) Confirmation
innovation decision process?
1.) Relative advantage
2.) Compatibility
3.) Complexity
4.) Trialability
5.) Observability
What is the most influential innovation attribute?
Relative advantage
Note 
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