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vowel nasalization [ ̃ ]
all english vowels are nasalized if a nasal follows
vowel clipping (= pre-frontis clipping) [ ̆ / ˑ ]
all english stressed vowels shortened (=clipped) before voiceless (=fortis) consonants
pre-l breaking [ ə]
free close vowels (FLEECE, FACE, PRICE, CHOICE) before /l/ are 'broken' by an insertion of a schwa between the vowel and [ ɫ ]
centralization [ ̈ ]
front vowels, including DRESS and happY may be centralized before [ ɫ ]
pre-l retraction [ ̠ ]
GOOSE, FOOT, GOAT retracted (more back) before /l/
phonetic diphtongization
GOOSE, FLEECE not really monophthongal but diphtongal; some transcriptions use /uw. for GOOSE and /ij/ for FLEECE
we don't indicate it in allophonic transcription but remember it when discussing the differences between ENG and PL vowels
TRAP tensing [ eə ]
vowel appears before a nasal consonant (?)
THOUGHT raising [ ɔ̝ː ]
chyba przed /r/ ale nwm bo nie ma na prezentacji hipstera
PRICE raising [ ʌi ]
chyba przed /t/ ale nwm bo nie ma na prezentacji hipstera