BIOCHEMISTRY : MODULE 3

No tf?? THEY’RE NOT CARBOHYDRATES DUMBASS

Do lipids have a common chemical structure?

Lipids

are a heterogeneous group of compounds that are related more by their physical than by their chemical properties.

Lipids

All biological compounds that are soluble in organic solvents, but not in water and other ordinary solvents.

Lipids

Include fats, vegetable oils, waxes, steroids, vitamins, and hormones

Functional Group

Lipids are not defined by a particular__________, thus they have a variety of structures and functions.

Yes

Are lipids lighter than water?

Non-Polar

Lipids polar or non-polar?

Colorless ; Bland

Pure lipids are _______ with _______ odor and taste. 

Acrid

The smell of lipids when heated strongly, and undergo decomposition.

Conductor ; Insulators

Lipids are poor _____ but excellent _____.

3 Fatty Acids and An Alcohol (Glycerol)

Building blocks of lipids?

Ester Linkage

What type of Linkage does lipids have?

9

1g fat = ___ kcal

4

1g protein = ___ kcal

Inert

Reserve supply of food and energy when stored in adipose tissue

Lipids

a major source of energy for the body, and they also provide the hydrophobic barrier that permits the partitioning of the aqueous contents of cells and subcellular structures.

Spingomyelin / Spinosine

What nerve endings lipids should protect?

Neurological Complications / Disease

What happens if Spingomyelin is peeled and does not regenerate?

Lipid

function as emulsifying agents in the gastrointestinal tract.

• Astherosclerosis

• obesity

Deficiencies or imbalances of lipid metabolism can lead to some of the major clinical problems encountered by physicians, such as:

Astherosclerosis

a condition in which deposits of lipid materials (cholesterol) accumulate in the walls of the arteries to form bulges or plaques that restrict blood flow.

• Hydrolysis

• Hydrogenation

• Oxidation

Reactions of Lipids?

Lipases

Fats and oils can be hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid, a base, or specific enzymes known as ______. 

Saponification

The hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base is used to make soap and is called __________. 

FAT / OIL + STRONG BASE  → GLYCEROL + SALTS (SOAP) OF FATTY ACIDS

Saponification process?

Micelles

Behave as carboxylate ions containing both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic end.

Soaps

are commonly sodium salts of carboxylic acids and are almost completely soluble in water.

Saponification

Alkaline Hydrolysis is _____.

Sodium Stearate

Common name of Soap?

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Common name of Detergent?

Double Bonds of Fats and Oils

What can part of fats and oils can undergo hydrogenation?

Produce semisolid fats

What happens when vegetable oils undergo hydrogenation?

becomes single bonds

When the unsaturated fatty acids of triglycerides undergoes hydrogenation what happens to it’s double bonds?

Addition of Hydrogen

hydrogenation is the ______?

Hard brittle fat

Complete hydrogenation of lipids causes?

Partial Hydrogenation

produces soft, semi-solid fat (more preferable product)

Oxidation

What causes fats and oils to turn rancid by oxygen?

Complete Hydrogenation

produces hard, brittle fats

Hydrolysis

What causes fats and oils to turn rancid by microorganism?

hydrolysis of the ester bonds

One cause of the odor is the release of volatile short aldehydes and short fatty acids by ___________.

Butyric

Foul smell releases by butter

covering the fat or oil and keeping it in a refrigerator

Hydrolytic rancidity can easily be prevented by _____.

3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid

IUPAC of Body Odor?

lipophilic diphtheroid

The bacteria that produce the most 3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid?

90% ; 60%

lipophilic diphtheroid is found in about ____ of male armpits but only about ___ of females.

oxidation of the phospholipid bilayer

Premature aging is also related to ______.

It’s because of the excess free radicals

Why does the phospholipid bilayer oxidizes?

• Saponifiable Lipids

• Nonsaponifiable Lipids

Types of Lipids

Simple and Compex Lipids

Saponifiable Lipids are?

• Steroids

• Prostaglandins

Nonsaponifiable lipids are?

Hydrolysable Lipids

These are compounds that can be converted into smaller molecules by hydrolysis.

• Hydrolysable Lipids

• Non-Hydolsable Lipids

Types of Lipids based on their reaction with water.

Hydrolysable Lipids

These are compounds that are derived from fatty acids.

• Waxes

• Triacylglycerols

• Phospholipids

Hydrolyzable Lipids?

Non-Hydrolyzable Lipids

These are compounds that cannot be cleaved (cut) into smaller molecules by hydrolysis.

• Steroids

• Fat-soluble vitamins

• Eicosanoids

Non-Hydrolyzable lipids?

• glycerophospolipids

• sphingolipids

under phospolipids?

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phospate + Alcohol

Glycerophospolipids is made up of?

Sphingosine + Fatty Acid + Phospate + Amino Alcohol

Sphingolipids is made up of?

Sphingosine + Glucose or Galactose + Fatty Acid

Glycolipids is made up of?

Simple Lipids

• Lipids which yield fatty acids and alcohol upon hydrolysis

• esters of fatty acids.

Complex Lipids

Lipids that yield fatty acids, alcohol, and other compounds upon hydrolysis.

Complex Lipids

Found in cell membranes, brain, nervous tissues, myelin sheaths of nerves, and blood platelets.

Compound Lipids

Complex Lipids is also known as?

Precursor and Derived Lipids

Products after Lipids hydrolysis?

Precursor Lipids

are compounds produced when simple and complex lipids undergo hydrolysis.

Precursor Lipids

They include substances such as fatty acids, glycerol, sphingosine, and other alcohols.

Derived Lipids

are formed by the metabolic transformation of fatty acids.

Derived L

They include steroids, fat-soluble vitamins, hormones, ketone bodies, and eicosanoids.

Fatty Acids

are carboxylic acids with long, unbranched carbon chains. 

Naturally occurring fatty acids

________have an even number of carbon atoms. 

Naturally occurring fatty acids

They contain a polar end and a non-polar end. 

Carboxylic Acid

What functional group does fatty acids have?

Single Bonds

SATURATED FATTY ACIDS only contain ________.

Saturated Fatty Acids

fatty acids that ends in –ANOIC ACID

Saturated Fatty Acids

fatty/waxy solids at room temp;

Saturated Fatty Acids

fatty acids with high boiling & melting points;

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

contain at least one double bond;

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acid with lower boiling points than room temperature

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acid which is liquids at room temperature

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that do not fit closely and has weaker bonds.

Saturated Fatty Acids

Palmitic and Stearic Acids are?

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Oleic Acid is a?

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids that most contain cis double bonds

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty Acids that ends in –ENOIC ACID

Palmitoleic acid and Oleic acid

are the major human mono-unsaturated fatty acids.

Oleic acid

is possibly the most common fatty acid in natural fats.

mono-unsaturated fatty acids

Many plants and vegetable oils are _________ and therefore are good for you.

–cis–

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids occur in _____ configuration.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids 

are those with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid are examples of?

cis fatty acids or trans-fatty acids. 

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified as______

cis Fatty Acids

have two hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond, which creates a kink in the structure

cis Fatty Acids

healthy fatty acids

trans fatty acids

have two hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of the double bond, which results in a similar structure to that of saturated fatty acid

trans fatty acids

Not healthy fatty acid

Eicosanoids

are a class of molecules derived from 20-carbon

Eicosa

is Greek for 20

• prostaglandins (PGs)

• thromboxanes (TXs)

• leukotrienes (LTs)

• prostacyclins (PG-is);

Eicosanoids includes?

Arachidonic Acids

in response to a variety of circumstances/physiological triggers, including infection and allergic reactions cell membranes releases _____.