Anatomy Test 3

foramen magnum

the large opening at the base of the cranium through which the spinal cord passes

occipital condyles

insertion sites for muscles that move our head; form a hinge joint with the 1st cervical vertebrae

4 parts of the temporal bone

squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous

mandibular fossa

depression in the temporal bone that lines up with the occipital condyles

external acoustic meatus

ear canal

sella turcica

holds and protects pituitary gland

hypophyseal fossa

inferior portion of sella turcica

cribiform plate

olfactory nerves

crista galli

separates olfactory bulbs

olfactory foramina

allows passage of olfactory nerves

perpendicular plate

helps form the septum of the nose

coronoid process

where the temporalis muscle inserts

vomer bone

floor of the nasal cavity

lacrimal bone

allows nasal duct to recycle tears

paranasal sinuses

open into nasal cavities and are lined with mucosae

scoliosis

lateral deviation of spinal cord

lordosis

swayback; deviation anteriorly of spinal cord

kyphosis

hunchback

annulus fibrosus

strong wrapping that makes up the outside portion of the intervertebral disk; contain and protect the soft material inside the disk

nucleus pulposis

provides the spine with shock absorbent during movement; this is what slips out when you herniate a disk

vertebral foramen

spinal cord entry

vertebral canal

comprised of successive vertebral foramen

intervertebral foramen

an entry point for peripheral nerves in between disks

atlas

C1; forms a hinge joint with the occipital condyle

axis

C2; rotational movement of the skull

transverse foramen

holes on transverse processes for vertebral vein; only present in cervical vertebrae

vertebra prominens

spinous process of C7; used as a landmark for counting vertebrae

odontoid process

pivot joint on axis that allows the head to move

costral cartilages

how the sternum articulates with clavicle and ribs

true ribs

hyaline cartilage connects to the sternum

false ribs

share cartilage with true ribs/don't connect to sternum

floating ribs

don't connect to any other ribs or sternum

manubrium

forms joint with clavicle; located on sternum

clavicle

articulates with the sternum at the manubrium and scapula at the acromion

acromion

forms joint with clavicle; located on scapula

coracoid process and spine

attachment site on scapula for muscles

glenoid cavity

socket that articulates with the head of the humerus

glenoid labrum

fibrocartilage that provides stability and shock absorption within the glenoid cavity

head of humerus

makes up portion of shoulder joint; serves as insertion point for shoulder muscles

deltoid tuberosity

a bump on the outside of the humerus where the deltoid muscle attaches

condyles of humerus

articulates with ulna and radius to form elbow joint

olecranon fossa

provides space for olecranon of the ulna during extension of forearm

interosseous membrane

collagen fibers that help stabilize two long bones; located in between ulna and radius & tibia and fibia

olecranon

creates a hinge for elbow joint

head of ulna

connects with lower end of humerus; allows for more freedom of movement and rotation

acetabulum

socket that head of femur fits into; all 3 sections of pelvis included

ilium

forms the upper part of each half of the pelvis

ischium

section of pelvis located under the ilium

pubis

crest of the pelvis

ischial tuberosity

helps to absorb your weight when you sit

iliac crest

provides attachment for muscles that help rotate the hip

sacroiliac joint

attenuate the distribution of force loads from the lower extremities

pubic symphysis

joint between left and right pelvic bones that help your pelvis to absorb some of the weight from your upper body

obturator foramen

the large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which obturator nerve and blood vessels pass

fovea capitis

pit on the head of femur where the round ligament originates

greater and lesser trochanter

insertion sites for muscles of the hip area

linea aspera

origin site for muscles and divides the thigh into 3 compartments

posterior side of patella

covered in hyaline cartilage

medial condyle of femur

covered in articular cartilage and serve as a shock absorber

tibial tuberosity

acts as a lever to extend the knee joint and keep the knee from collapsing when the foot strikes the ground; insertion for patellar ligament

medial malleolus

provide ankle stability on medial side

lateral malleolus

allows for resistance against inversion

joint

any point that 2 bones meet

arthrology

study of joints

kinesiology

study of musculoskeletal movement

periodontal ligament

holds tooth in place, but allows some movement such as when chewing

synovial fluid

has a high concentration of albumin and hyaluronic acid which lubricates the joint and protects the surface of bones; also contains phagocytes

articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface of the bones

joint cavity

space between the 2 bones; contains synovial fluid

fibrous capsule

outer layer of articular capsule and is continuous with the periostea of the adjoining bones

synovial membrane

inner layer of articular capsule and secretes synovial fluid

reinforcing ligaments

reinforce and strengthen synovial joints

capsule or intrinsic ligaments

thickenings of the joint capsule

extracapsular ligaments

outside of the joint capsule

intracapsular ligaments

inside the joint capsule

fatty pads

located between fibrous capsule and synovial membrane; add protection

meniscus

pad of fibrocartilage seen in the knee

bursae

fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone

tendon sheaths

bursae that are elongated into cylinders that wrap around a tendon

muscle origin

the site that a muscle attaches to that is relatively stable during the contraction

muscle insertion

the site that a muscle attaches to that moves when that muscle contracts

nonaxial movement

bones move in a sliding motion

uniaxial

movement in one plane

biaxial

movement in two planes

multiaxial

movement in 3 planes

flexion

decreases the angle of the joint

extension

increases the angle of the joint

hyperextension

increases angle of joint beyond 180 degrees

dorsiflexion

pointing toes towards the shin; rising toes

planter flexion

pointing the toes like a ballerina; extension of the foot so that the toes point downward

abduction

moving away from midsaggital line

adduction

moving towards the midsaggital line

circumduction

one end of appendage stays relatively stationary while the other makes a circular motion

rotation

when a bone turns on its longitudinal axis

supination

rotation of the forearm so that the palms face upward

pronation

rotation of the forearm so that the palms face downward

inversion

turning the soes medially

eversion

turning the soles laterally

protraction

movement anteriorly

retraction

movement posteriorly