Untitled Flashcards Set

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China (1839-1842) over trade, specifically the opium trade.

Open Door Policy

U.S. policy established in the late 19th century, aimed at allowing all nations equal trading rights in China.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in southern China (1850-1864), led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing Dynasty.

Extraterritorial Rights

Legal immunity granted to foreign nationals in certain jurisdictions in China.

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of the Nationalist government in China, prominent during the early to mid-20th century.

Long March

A strategic retreat by the Red Army of the Communist Party of China (1934-1935) led by Mao Zedong.

Sun Yat-sen

Chinese political leader who played a key role in the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Republic of China.

May Fourth Movement

A cultural and political movement in China (1919) that sought modernization and reform.

China during World War II

Period when China fought against Japanese invasion as part of the Allied forces during WWII.

Communist China

The People's Republic of China established in 1949 under the leadership of the Communist Party.

End of the Chinese Civil War

The defeat of the Nationalists by the Communists in 1949, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China.

Mao Zedong

Founding father of the People's Republic of China, leader of the Communist Party.

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea (1950-1953) involving UN forces, primarily led by the U.S. and China.

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedong's campaign (1958-1962) to transform China into a socialist society through rapid industrialization.

Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement initiated by Mao Zedong (1966-1976) aiming at enforcing communism and purging capitalist elements.

Red Guard

A mass student-led paramilitary social movement in China during the Cultural Revolution.

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who initiated major economic reforms in the late 20th century.

Four Modernizations

Goals set by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s to boost China's economy: agriculture, industry, defense, and science.

Tiananmen Square Uprising

A pro-democracy protest in China (1989) that was violently suppressed by the government.

Olympics in China

Refers to the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, showcasing China on the global stage.

Status of Hong Kong and Taiwan

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region of China, while Taiwan is self-governed but claimed by China.

One Child Policy

Population control policy implemented by China in 1979 to limit most families to one child.

Liu Xiaobo

Chinese human rights activist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (2010), known for advocating democracy.

Uyghurs and status in China

Ethnic minority group in Xinjiang, facing cultural suppression and human rights abuses by the Chinese government.

Tibet

Region in China with a distinct cultural identity, currently governed by China with ongoing disputes over independence.

Five Pillars of Islam

The five basic acts of worship in Islam, foundational to a Muslim's faith and practice.

Sunni/Shia Split

Division in Islam originating from a dispute over the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

Hejira

The migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the start of the Islamic calendar.

People of the Book

Term in Islam referring to Jews, Christians, and Sabians, acknowledging shared scriptural traditions.

Pale of Settlement and Pogroms in Russia

Region in Imperial Russia where Jews were allowed to settle, often faced with violent uprisings, known as pogroms.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

A fabricated antisemitic text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination.

Ottoman control of Palestine/Israel

Historical oversight by the Ottoman Empire over the land of Palestine before the British mandate.

Dreyfus Affair

Political scandal in France (1894-1906) involving a Jewish officer wrongfully convicted of treason.

Zionism

Movement supporting the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 statement by the British government expressing support for a 'national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine.

Resolution 181 and the formation of Israel

UN proposal in 1947 to partition Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, leading to the establishment of Israel.

Arab-Israel War

A series of conflicts between Israel and neighboring Arab countries post-1948, following Israel's independence.

The Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during World War II.

Six-Day War of 1967

A brief conflict between Israel and its neighbors leading to significant territorial gains for Israel.

The Yom Kippur War of 1973

War between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur.

Camp David Accords

Peace agreement between Egypt and Israel brokered by the U.S. in 1978.

Arab Oil Embargo

Restriction on oil supplies to countries supporting Israel, notably affecting the U.S. in the 1970s.

Iran/Gulf Wars/Afghanistan

Conflicts in the Middle East involving Iran and its neighbors, including the Gulf War and the U.S.-led wars in Afghanistan.

Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh

Democratically elected Iranian leader overthrown in the 1953 coup orchestrated by the CIA and British intelligence.

The Islamic Revolution in Iran and the Hostage Crisis

1979 revolution leading to the establishment of an Islamic Republic and the subsequent hostage crisis at the U.S. embassy.

Persian Gulf War

Conflict (1990-1991) resulting from Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, involving a U.S.-led coalition.

The Soviet Union Invasion of Afghanistan

1979 invasion that led to a decade-long conflict with Afghan resistance fighters, known as the mujahideen.

The Taliban

Islamic fundamentalist movement that emerged in Afghanistan in the 1990s, known for its strict interpretation of Sharia law.