AP Art History Time Periods

Geometric Period

850-700 BCE Pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals, humans.

Archaic Period

650-480 BCE Period includes kouros stone figures and vase painting. (Koros=free standing statue of human figure; frontal stance, left foot forward, clenched fist, and a grimace)

Classical Period

480-323 BCE Peak of Greek art and architecture, idealized figures exemplify order and harmony.

Hellenistic

323-30 BCE. Greek-derived style, more dramatic than Classical style. Examples: Nike of Samonthrace

Greek vs. Roman

Greek= Temples to glorify gods, walls made of cut stone blocks, rectangles and straight lines, post and lintel support system, doric and ionic columns, subject of art was mythology (Parthenon). Roman= Civic building to honor Empire, Concrete walls with ornamental facing, circles and curved lines, rounded arch and vault support system, corinthian columns, realistic human beings and idealized officials for sculpture, civic leaders and military triumph as subject. (Pantheon, Colosseum, Pont du Gard)

Byzantine

Art: Mosaics, icons. Architecture: Central-dome church (like Hagia Sophia). Date: 532-37. Place: Constantinople, Turkey. Examples: Justinian and Attendants (mosaic)

Romanesque

Art: Frescoes, stylized sculpture. Architecture: Barrel-vaulted church (like St. Sernin). Place: Toulouse, France. Plain church exterior except for sculptural relief around the main portal, often in tympanum. Example: Last Judgment from west tympanum, Autun Cathedral (relief), Giotto-Lamentation (fresco).

Gothic

Art: Stained glass, more natural sculpture. Architecture: Pointed-arch cathedral (like Chartres). Date: 1194-1260. Place: Chartres France.

Early Renaissance artists and examples

(1420-1500) Masaccio-The Tribute Money, Donatello-David, Botticelli-Birth of Venus

High Renaissance artists and examples

(1500-1519) Leonardo-Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Michelangelo-Pieta, Sistine Chapel, Campidoglio, Raphael-School of Athens, Titian-Assumption of the Virgin.

Italian Renaissance Architecture

Brunelleschi-Pizzi Chapel, Bramante-Tempietto, Palladio-Villa Rotunda.

Northern Renaissance artists

Van Eyck-Arnolfini Wedding, Bosch-Garden of Earthly Delights, Bruegel-Hunters in the Snow

Italian vs. Northern Renaissance

Italian: Ideal beauty, religious/mythological scenes, Heroic male nudes, Formal reserved portraits, fresco, tempera and oil paintings. Northern: Intense realism, lifelike features/unflattering honesty, religious and domestic scenes, prosperous citizens and peasants, oil paintings on wood panels.

German Renaissance artists

Holbein-The French Ambassadors, Durer-Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Mannerism artists

Tintoretto-The Last Supper, El Greco-Resurrection

Italian Baroque

(1590-1680) Emphasis: Religious works. Patron: church. Style: Dynamic. Qualities: Drama, intensity, Movement. Caravaggio-Conversion of St Paul, Bernini-The Ecstasy of St. Theresa. Architecture: Bernini-St. Peters Cathedral, Borromini- San Carlo,

Flemish Baroque

(1600-40) Emphasis: alterpieces. Patron: church, monarch. Style: florid. Rubens-Descent from the Cross, Marrie Arrives at Marseilles, Van Dyck-Charles I at the Hunt

Dutch Baroque

(1630-70) Emphasis: Portraits, still lifes, landscapes. Patron: People. Heda-Still Life, Ruisdael-Windmill at Wijk-bij-Duurst-ede, Hals-The Jolly Toper, Rembrandt-The Nightwatch, Vermeer-The Kitchenmaid

English Baroque

(1720-90) Emphasis: portraits of aristocracy. Patron: upper class. Hogarth-Breakfast Scene (Satire against English aristocracy), Gainsborough-Mrs. Brinsley Sheridan, Reynolds-Jane, Countess of Harrington. Architecture: Wren-St. Paul's Cathedral.

Spanish Baroque

(1625-60) Emphasis: court portraits. Patron: monarch. Style: realistic. Velazquez-Las Meninas

French Baroque

(1670-1715) Emphasis: Classical landscapes and decorative architecture. Patron: monarch. Poussin-Burial of Phocion.

Rococo

(1700s) Mood: Playful, superficial, alive with energy. Interior decor: Gilded woodwork, painted panels, enormous wall mirrors. Shapes: S and C curves. Style: Light, graceful, delicate. Watteau-Pilgrimage to Cythera, Fragonard-The Swing. Architecture: Gaudi-Casa Mila, Cuvillies-Mirror Room.

Neoclassicism

(1780-1820) Values: Order, solemnity, Tone: calm, rational, Subjects: Greek and Roman history, mythology. Technique: Stressed drawing with lines, not color; no trace of brushstrokes. Role of art: Morally uplifting, inspirational. David-Oath of the Horatii, Death of Marat, Ingres-Portrait of the Princesse de Broglie, La Grande Odalisque. American: West-Death of General Wolfe, Copley-Portrait of Paul Revere. During Neoclassic time: Goya-Family of Charles IV, The Third of May 1808

Romanticism

Values: Intuition, emotion, imagination. Inspiration: Medieval and Baroque eras, Middle and far east. Color: Unrestrained, deep rich shades. Subjects: Legends, exotica, nature, violence. Genres: Narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, wild animals.

French Romanticism

Gericault-The Raft of the Medusa, Delacroix-Death of Sardanapalus, Paganini.

English and American Romanticism

Constable-The Hay Wain, Turner-Crossing the Brook, Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway. American: Cole-The Oxbow, Bierstadt-The Rocky Mountains, Bingham-Fur Traders Descending the Missouri.

Realism

Bonheur-The Horse Fair, Courbet-A Burial at Ornans, Stone-Breakers, Corot-Ville d'Avary. America: Homer-Snap the Whip, Sloop Nassau, Eakins-The Agnew Clinic, Sargent-Mr. and Mrs. I. N. Phelps Stokes.

Nouveau

(between 1890 and WWI) Beardsley-Salome, Peacock shirt

Impressionism

(1862-86) Subjects: Outdoors, seaside, Parisian streets and cafes. Purpose: To portray immediate visual sensations of a scene. Manet-Bar at the Folies-Bergere, Olympia, Monet-Rouen Cathedral, Impression, Sunrise, Renior-Le Moulin dela Galette, Renoir-The Swing, Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette, Degas-The Dance Class, At the Races, The Tub, Cassat-Young Mother Sewing

Post-Impressionism

Seurat-(pointillism) A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, Bathers at Asnières, Toulouse-Lautrec-at the Moulin Rouge, Cezanne-Mount Sainte-Victoire, Large Bathers, Gauguin-The Spirit of the Dead Keep Watch, The Yellow Christ, Vision After the Sermon, Van Gogh-Crows over Cornfield, The Potato Eaters,

Expressionism

Munch-The Scream

Symbolism

(1890s) Rousseau-The Sleeping Gypsy, Redon-The Cyclops

Fauvism

Location: France, Period: 1904-8, Hallmarks: Intense, bright, clashing colors, Distorted forms and perspective, vigorous brushstrokes, etc. Derain-Big Ben, Roualt-The Old King, Matisse-Dance, The Green Stripe

Modern sculpture

Brancusi-Bird in Space

Cubism

Collage created. Analytical and Synthetic. Picasso-The Studio, Braque-Mandolin

Futurism

Boccioni-Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

Expressionism

Kirchner-Berlin Street Scene, Kandinsky-Improvisation, Klee-Blue Night

Surrealism

(1920s-30s) Miro-Dutch Interior II, Chagall-I and the Village, Dali-The Persistence of Memory

Abstract Expressionism

(1940s-1950s) No reference to visual reality. Pollock-Lavender Mist, de Kooning-Woman I, Calder-Lobster Trap and Fish Tale