APUSH: Period 8 Part 3 IDs

1. Imperial Presidency

Pushing the rights laid out by Article II, intentionally evading Congress, and acting like a king

2. Nixon Doctrine

Allied in South East Asia will continue to get money, but no more ground forces in Vietnam from the U.S.

3. DDT/Silent Spring

A book written by Rachel Carson about the harm of the pesticide DDT, which is a carcinogen to people

4. EPA

Environmental Protection Agency in 1969: Creation inspired by Silent Spring (by Rachel Carson) about DDT

Clean Water Act

1972: Regulated what can be dropped into public waterways

Endangered Species Act

1973: Federal protection to endangered animals

5. Clean Air/Water Act

1972: Regulated what can be dropped into public waterways

6. New Federalism

Shrinking the role of the federal government and expanding the role of the state governments by giving more money to the states

7. 26th Amendment

Lowers the voting age to 18, originally 21, since these people are old enough to be drafted

8. Nixon’s relationship with China and USSR

• China: more trade and cultural exchanges

• USSR: improved economic relationship

9. Henry Kissinger

Richard Nixon’s Secretary of State

10. Détente

Intentionally reducing cold war tensions by meeting with China and the USSR with Henry Kissinger, 1972!

11. “China Card”

Trying to get China out of the enemies list to drive a wedge between China and the USSR

12. Salt I treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972: an agreement to freeze the number of ballistic missile manufactures in a country to deescalate hostilities

13. Southern Strategy

Old white southern voters who voted for Nixon for his 2nd term because he tapped into their fear about lawlessness, linking African Americans

14. Silent Majority

• Middle class

• Against the war movement

• Counterculture

• Black Panthers

• Quiet

• Disenchanted with protests

• Uncomfortable with rapid social changes

15. War Powers Act

1973: Requires a President to report to Congress within 48 hours of military action, and Congress must approve extended (60 days) involvement in military action

16. OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: the group of countries who embargoed oil to the U.S. after the results of the Yom Kippur War

18. Yom Kippur War

• Syria and Egypy attacked Israel over land

• Nixon sends $2 billion in aid to Israel, helping them win

• Arab nations retaliate by embargoing oil to the U.S.

19. Oil embargos and effect on auto industry (i)

Leads to more purchase from Japanese and German car companies (more fuel-efficient) and other cars not manufactured in the U.S.

* Toyota

20. Watergate

The Democratic National Headquarters

• Nixon starts firing his employees during the CREEP criminal trial

• Senate asks for the audio tapes, declined by Nixon

• Saturday Night Massacre 1973: Nixon administration resigned

• Tapes were altered

• Nixon resigned before impeachment in 1974

21. CREEP

Committee to Reelect the President: Breaks into Watergate to hear campaign strategies by bugging the place

* Caught and arrested

22. Credibility Gap

Public doesn’t believe or trust the government anymore

23. Equal Pay Act

1963: Addressed issues of unequal pay for equal work

24. Women’s liberation

Feminist movement protesting against gender inequality

25. Feminine Mystique and Betty Friedan

Critiqued the Cult of Domesticity that valued women only as wives and mothers

* The publication in 1963 explored the struggles of many middle class American women who felt dissatisfied with domestic life at the expense of their own educations, careers, and personal interests

26. N.O.W.

National Organization for Women: Advocate for equal treatment in workforce, rights to birth control, paid maternity leave, rights to divorce, and access to credit

27. Feminists

Women who believed in full legal, social, and political equality

28. Gloria Steinem and Ms. Magazine

1972: Openly discussed issues faced by working women, single women, lesbians, and sexually active unmarried women (representing women holistically)

29. National Women’s Political Caucus

Steinem, Friedan, and Chisholm formed this in 1971

• Push through legislation that allowed married women to use financial credit in their own names

• Tax credits for working families who have to pay for childcare

30. Reproductive Rights

The most central and most conroversial aspect of the women’s movement

* Many physicians refused to prescribe the pill or any other contraception methods to unmarried women
* A woman’s sexuality is confined to marriage

31. Griswold v. Connecticut

1965: Affirmed the right to private use of contraception

32. Roe V. Wade

1973: Decriminalized first trimester elective abortions across the United States

33. Shirley Chisholm

Helped form the National Women’s Political Caucus

35. Education Amendment of 1972

Prohibits sex discrimination in education programs recieving any federal financial assistance

36. Equal Rights Amendment

Equality of rights shouldn’t be denied by terms of sex

37. Cesar Chavez

A Mexican American activist who spoke out against the abuses faced by Hispanic farm laborers

* Forefront of UFW

38. United Farm Workers

UFW: Union for agricultural laborers

* Boycotts of industrial-scale grape farms who exploited farm laborers

39. Vine Deloria

A well-known Native American scholar who wrote about the treatment of Native Americans

* Helped found the graduate degree program in Native American Studies

40. Chicano

A term to distinguish Hispanic Americans as an American demographic group with a unique identity

41. NIYC

National Indian Youth Council: worked to unite leaders of different tribes and greater federal recognition and support for Native Americans; same as AIM

42. AIM

American Indian Movement: worked to unite leaders of different tribes and greater federal recognition and support for Native Americans; same as NIYC

43. Ford pardons Nixon

This means that Nixon will never face criminal charges, keeping the issue in the past

45. Rustbelt

Foreign competition reduced the output of the industrial belt, factories closed, deindustrialization happened, and labor unions suffered

46. Stagflation

During Jimmy Carter’s presidency

* Super high inflation coupled with no business growth led to poor economic conditions
* Because the interest rates are super high

47. WIN

Gerald Ford’s Whip Inflation Now: a voluntary campaign asking people to modify their behavior

• Fuel rationing

• Carpooling

• Planting gardens

No meaninful economic improvements

48. Warren Court

Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren from 1954 to 1969, allowing for many liberal victories

49. Engel v. Vitale

Communal prayers in schools were unconstitutional

50. Conservative views

• Prayers belonged in public schools

• American intervention in Vietnam was a righteous fight

51. Gideon v. Wainwright

The accused have rights to a legal council

52. Miranda v. Arizona

An arrest will not be valid until all suspects are read the 5th and 6th amendments during police custody

53. Court ordered bus desegregation

Taking students from white majority schools and students from black majority schools and busing them to different schools to create more racially diverse schools

54. Burger Court

**Burger**, Powell, and Blackmun were moderate conservatives, serving from 1969 to 1986

55. Stonewall Riot

Police harassments of gay men of Stonewall Inn led to protests and the men burning down the Inn (1969)

56. Harvey Milk

An openly gay businessman who moved to San Francisco and was a seat on the city board of supervisors; assassinated

57. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force

Fight homophobic laws and policies that forced gay Americans to risk loss of work if their sexual orientation was known

58. Moral Majority

A protestant group pushing back against comprehensive sexual education in public schools (1979)

59. Christian Coalition

Creating efforts to combat social permissiveness, organizing national lobbying efforts to push for laws to preserve traditional morality (1989)

60. Phyllis Shafley

Speaking out about premartial sex, birth control for unmarried women, and elective abortions

* Also starting “Stop ERA”

61. Three Mile Island

1979: Release of radioactive chemicals after a powerplant explosion

* Cleanup costed the government $1 billion

Love Canal 1978

An abandoned canal in Niagra Falls, NY is dumped with chemical waste by Hoover Chemical Company, covered with direct, and sold to the city to build schools and neighborhoods

• Kids with burns, increase in childhood cancer, many miscarriages

• Emergency aid by Carter

Alaska Lands Act

1980: Protects 150 million acres of land in Alaska by putting it under federal protection

62. Carter’s focus on human rights

• Carter spoke out against the apartide in South Africa

• Strong stance on the dictatorships in Chile and Argentina

• Andrew Young was promoted to the UN ambassador

63. Camp David Accords

Carter met with Sadat (Egypt) and Begin (Israel) to help make compromises

• Egypt will recognize Israel as a nation

• Sinai peninsula will be given back to Egypt

• Israel will give freedom to Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza (not really)

Sadat assassinated in 1981

64. Panama and Carter

Carter returns the canal to Panama by 1999

• Many say that America has lost its nerve

• Improved relationships with Latin America

65. SALT II

June 1979 with Brezhnev: The USSR is distrusted by Congress, removed after the USSR invasion of Afghanistan

66. Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

To push their communist agenda

* Will lead to the SALT II being removed, end of detente, U.S. embargoes grain and high tech materials, and U.S. boycotts the Summer Olympics 1980

67. Iranian Invasion and Hostage Crisis

November 1979

• In 1953, the Shah was put in power: Violent leader

• Revolution in 1979 with the Ayatollah wanting the Shah back to Iran

• Iranian students storm the embassy and take 58 U.S. hostages