CSET - English subtest 2

overt/inflectional ending

adding an s to change something to present tense third person. doesnt change whether its a noun or verb etc

Cat - cats

Pidgin

A simplified contact language made up of two or more languages

Pragmatics

Focuses on language as a tool for communication. It looks at how different types of sentences or phrases are used in DIFFERENT CONTEXTS or for DIFFERENT PURPOSES

- INTENDED MEANING!

Morphology

Branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure and forms of words.

related to morphemes SO INVOLVE SMALLEST MEANING OF A WORD

The great vowel shift

- Pronunciation of the long vowels in the english language slowly changed. spelling no longer correlated with pronunciation.

- Major change from Middle English to modern english

- vowel sounds of British words don't match with English words

phoneme

smallest unit of speech sound. Throat has 4. th r oa t, t r a for tray

NOT THE SAME AS A SYLLABLE!

decoding

The ability to translate the symbols of letters and words into meaningful information or to sound out words

Hypercorrection

When a person who has been corrected for a mistake in usage makes further mistakes in trying to avoid the original error

Acquisition system

Krashen's research. ___ system is the most important and depends on natural meaningful communication in the target language

Etymology

A words origin (usually appears in brackets after pronunciation like latin roots)

pragmatic competence

The ability to understand the true meaning of a passage or utterance

borrowing

When a speaker switches to his or her first language to use words or phrases for which he or she doesnt know an equivalent in the second language. Result could be spanglish

Negative transfer

When a speaker uses skills from a previously learned behavior or topic but applies it incorrectly to a new one. ex: changing take to taked because of fake to faked

Cohesion Analysis

A method of analyzing how the parts of a work come together to create the overall effect or convey the message

Semantics

study of meaning in language, BOTH ORAL AND CONTEXUAL. Can deal with word/sentence meaning and contextual understanding

- more gender neutral now. Ex. Mailperson instead of mailman

Middle English

- Started with Norman Conquest of 1066. William the Conquer victory at Hastings brought new French influence to English life. - This new language was called Anglo Norman. major French influence

Statute of Pleading

1362 - made english official language of legal proceedings in england

dialect

The variation of a language spoken by inhabitants of a particular geographical area

Creolization

when a pidgin language develops OVER TIME and acquires native speakers

Linguistics

The systematic study of language in order to find general principles and structures that link human languages. includes many subfields

Syntax

rules and principles for constructing sentences in a language and pronouncing words

A good sentence: the Mistborn in the city took down the nobleman.

Phonology

The sound patterns of words and phrases

Phonetics

The study of how speech sounds are made and understood

Ex. explicit: /Ik SPLI sit/

Sociolinguistics

language and society

grammar

morphology syntax and phonology are all part of

structuralist

each element of sound and meaning defined by how it related to other elements

- made by Saussure early 20th century

Generative Grammar

Chomsky’s theory that people share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures (why children can learn new languages easily)

Universal Grammar

Chomsky's concept that is a set of principals that apply to all languages and are unconsciously accessible to everyone.

• Fundamental qualities shared by all languages due to common aspects of human experience/patterns of descent/borrowing words and sentence structures

Transformational grammar

A theory of grammar that focuses on how sentences can be transformed into one another while maintaining their meaning (involves relationship between deep structure and surface structure)

Grapheme

The equivalent of a phoneme but in written language. the letter or number of letters that represent a phoneme or sound.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language which deals with internal structures and forms of words. Can be

ex. S at the end changes meaning. cat/cats

Morphemic analysis

recognize prefixes, roots, and suffixes to figure out a word meaning Ex. Hypertension hyper: excess. tension: pressure

Word family

category of words built around the same part.. must mean similar thing (ex. words that start with chrono)

Borrowed words

words imported from other langauges

Taboo: Tongan, avant-garde: French, angst: German, ad infinitum: Latin

inflectional affix

word endings that serve various grammatical purposes but DOESNT change the meaning of the word. ex. "s" "ed" "ing" "er"

derivational suffix/affix

ALTERS the meaning of the word by building on the base. Can be both suffixes (END) and affix (START). ex: "anti" "ation" "ness" "de"

compound sentence

Sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

ex. I hoped to finish 1st or 2nd, but Kelsier won the race

complex sentence

independent clause joined by one or more dependent clause. has a subordinator like since, because, after, which, who

ex. After the storm hit, Vin and Elend helped clean the debris

Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

2 independent systems for learning a second language

• Acquired system: subconscious process; depends on natural, meaningful communication in target language; focus on communicating instead of forming sentences

• Learning system: formal instruction

Monitor Hypothesis

Acquisition and learning are related with the former being the initiator of an utterances and the latter being the editor

Natural Order Hypothesis

Acquiring grammatical structures in a second language always follows a “natural order”

Input Hypothesis

Language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to language input that is slightly beyond their current level of competence

Interaction and exposure to authentic language are more effective for learning than traditional grammar-focused instruction

Affective Filter

An invisible psychological filter that can either impede or promote language acquisition

• A high affective filter (where the student is stressed or bored by their language learning experience) will impede any efforts at learning a second language

• A low affective filter (where the student is motivated and excited by their language learning experience) will result in better second language acquisition

Critical period hypothesis

childrens ability to learn a language peaks early childhood, adults learn new language differently

Transfer

When a speaker uses his or her second language in a way that is semantically appropriate for the first language but not the second

Semantic mapping

when a teacher solicits responses to a word or phrase through a process of BRAINSTORMING and FREE ASSOCIATION

Semantic feature analysis

reading comp activity. students use chart to organize. Used to find how things relate to one another and extend content knowledge

Metacognition

self awareness during the reading process, using context clues

clausal modifier

A clause that acts like an adverb or adjective and adds detail to the sentence.

The lord ruler, WHO WAS AN EVIL MAN, controlled the world

Kelsier won the contest against vin, AS HE HOPED

verb complement

the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb.

Breeze considered starting a new job

Modern English

1500 to 1800; English Renaissance to Wordsworth

-changes in phonology and sound matter that we use today

- great vowel shift

Late Modern English

1800 - present: expansion of English vocabulary due to Industrial Revolution and new technologies. New scientific words adapted from greek and latin roots

Context clues

words and sentences around an unfamiliar word that often provide clues on its meaning

Compound Word

words made up of two or more smaller words (Sailboat) (Mistborn)

Simple Sentence / Independent Clause

Contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought

ex. Sazed thinks a lot on his free time.

dependent clause

A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence

Because Sazed was late

Orthography

A standardized system for writing words with the proper letters according to accepted rules of usage (includes spelling rules)

Websters rules for spelling

American spelling does not use U in many words ending in

-our

Learning a second language

a second language learned who wants to integrate into culture in which the second language is spoken is more likely to succeed. They need to feel like they belong

Language Development Factors

Genetic Predisposition/Innate Capacity - Universal Grammar that is programed into every human

Social Interaction - Childs social environment and exposure to complex vocabulary

Sociocultural Factors - social class has a major effect on learning. Different style and structure of oral narratives

Affective Factors: Confidence and self worth in feeling they can do it, lack of these feelings will result in negative results

Code Switching

person changes dialect with strangers who they think is apart of a specific group. Like teachers talking standard English and then relaxed at home, or asians speaking to other asians in their language

Coordinating Conjunction

A conjunctions between words. FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

Verbal phrase

a verb that also functions as another part of a speech

ex. watching her favorite TV show, Vin...., watching TV is Docksons favorite.... (THE VERB ISNT THE VERB IN THE SENTENCE)

Modals

can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must - verbs that express mood or tense

Adverb clause

begins with a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb

ex. the actor left the stage BEFORE THE PERFORMANCE ENDED (the word before modifies the whole phrase because it delays the verb. is the verb happening now?)

noun phrase

functions as a noun in a sentence replacing the subject

ex. To reach the finals in the competition is quite the accomplishment (can be replaced by a place or person)

noncount nouns

refer to things that cannot be counted because they are regarded as wholes which cannot have word endings (like 's)

ex. furnature, rather, progress, water.

- Words SOME and MUCH are before the word sometimes

Types of questions:

Knowledge: specific facts

Comprehension: main idea/examples/what happens next

Application: Using the knowledge in real life examples

Analysis: Deep thinking in actions and events

Synthesis: Ideas and theories about the knowledge

Evaluation: You judging the information personally

Adjective clause

a clause that modifies a noun or pronoun or other adjective

ex. Clubs, who joined us late, listened to the meeting silently

appositional phrase

identifies or describes a nearby noun (short and simple)

ex. Wayne, my favorite book character, was.....

prepositional phrase

A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun. Ex. AT the start, BEFORE school, LIKE breeze, BY the city. DURING the game, IN the car

Comprehension Strategies

Prereading: prior knowledge of subject or seeking information to enrich the subject

Predicting: predict info using character analysis, story details or genre expectations

Questioning: Provides focus by asking questions about text

Word Analysis: decoding unfamiliar words using context clues, word structure/family

Concept Information: used during and after the reading to connect and categorize ideas to reflect on overall meaning/effect

Reading Comprehension and accessing Prior Knowledge

Semantic Mapping: creates responses to a word or phrase through a process of brainstorming or free association

Semantic Feature Analysis: reading comprehension using charts to organize information

Repeated Oral Reading: repeatedly reads out loud text

Note Taking: paraphrases what has been read to find meaning

Word Analogies: comparing two or more things by seeing how they are alike or different

Visual Imaging Skills: ability to use personal images or EXPERIENCES to find a words meaning

Cohesion Analysis: how all parts of a work come together to create an overall effect or message

Parts of Speech

Noun: Person/place or thing (Elijah, Noble House, Allomancy)

Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun (he, she, they, it)

Verb: Action (Flying)

Adverb: describes a verb (flying FAST) ( sang BEAUTIFULLY) (ate SLOWLY)

Adjective: modifies or describes a noun in any way ( reasonable, blue, angry, big, small, hot, cold)

Conjunction: Joins words or phrases (and, but, or, while, because)

Preposition: a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence (by the tree, with our friends, about the book, until tomorrow)

Increasing readers fluency and reading rate

Engaging in repeated oral reading of a text at the readers independent reading level

Absolute Phrase

made up of a noun followed by a participle or a participial phrase. It is called an "absolute" phrase because it does not modify any single word in the sentence but rather has a logical relationship to the entire sentence or part of it.

compound-complex sentence

A sentence formed from two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses joined together by a conjunction

Empiricist Notion

Languages are acquired through social constructs

Passive and Active voices

Active: Emphasizes the subject performing the action and is direct

Passive: Focuses on the object receiving the action. is acting upon the subject and is more formal/long.

English Language

Part of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages

Old English / Anglo-Saxon

Developed from the Germanic dialects spoken by tribes migrating from northern Europe

Deep Structure

Represents the underlying meaning of a sentence

Surface Structure

The actual spoken or written form of a sentence

Affective Factors

Personal qualities that affect the acquisition of language skills (empathy, self-esteem, extroversion, ability to imitate, overall outlook…)

Bilingualism

School system in which students are taught in their native language

Transitional System

School system that allows students to speak their own language until they have learned enough English to participate in English-only classes

Total Immersion System

School system in which students must immediately take part in English-only classes