APUSH Ch. 27

Grassroots Protests

Community-driven actions against racial injustice.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

A key organization for civil rights activism.

14th Amendment

Grants citizenship and equal protection under law.

15th Amendment

Prohibits voting discrimination based on race.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation in the South.

Segregation

Separation of races in public spaces and services.

Political Disenfranchisement

Lack of voting rights for African Americans.

Black Middle Class Growth

Increased resources aiding civil rights advocacy.

Executive Order 8802

Prohibited racial discrimination in wartime employment.

Double V Campaign

Fighting fascism abroad and racism at home.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Cars

Prominent Black union advocating for workers' rights.

Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR)

Nonviolent organization supporting civil rights efforts.

Bus Boycotts

Protests against segregated public transportation systems.

Symbolic Victories

Achievements that represent broader civil rights progress.

Jackie Robinson

First African American to play in Major League Baseball.

Cold War Influence

Global scrutiny pressured U.S. to improve civil rights.

Discrimination in Wartime Jobs

Black workers faced bias in military industries.

Segregated Barracks

Separate living quarters for Black soldiers.

Migration to North and West

Movement of African Americans seeking better opportunities.

Political Freedom in North

Limited rights but less segregation compared to South.

Unions as Allies

Labor organizations supported civil rights initiatives.

Racial Riots

Violent clashes stemming from racial tensions.

Truman's Civil Rights Stance

Truman supported civil rights but faced Congressional limits.

Presidential Committee on Civil Rights

Established in 1946 to address African American equality.

To Secure These Rights

1947 report advocating federal action for civil rights.

Desegregation of Federal Agencies

Truman desegregated agencies and military in 1948.

Dixiecrats

Southern Democrats opposing Truman's civil rights agenda.

McCarthyism Impact

Civil rights organizations labeled as communistic during this era.

Mexican American Challenges

Faced segregation, poll taxes, and workforce discrimination.

American GI Forum

Founded in 1948 to protest treatment of Mexican American soldiers.

Community Service Organization (CSO)

Founded in 1948, focused on local and national issues.

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

Activists who founded the United Farm Workers (UFW).

Mendez v. Westminster

1946 case ruling segregation of Mexican students unconstitutional.

Thurgood Marshall's Strategy

Developed legal strategies to challenge segregation laws.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 SCOTUS case ruling racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.

Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)

Filed lawsuits for property losses post-WWII internment.

California Alien Land Law

Challenged by JACL for discrimination against Japanese Americans.

Segregation in Colonias

Mexican Americans lived in segregated, poorer neighborhoods.

Labor Rights Movement

Mexican Americans united with unions for labor rights.

Civil Rights Legal Strategy

NAACP focused on legal challenges against segregation.

Thurgood Marshall

NAACP lawyer who argued against racial discrimination.

Southern Democrats' Opposition

Blocked civil rights legislation during Truman's presidency.

Civil Rights Movement Successes

A period marked by both achievements and setbacks.

Racism and Global Image

Truman aimed to improve US image amid global scrutiny.

McLaurin v. Oklahoma

1950 case prohibiting segregation in universities.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 case ending 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Fourteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment prohibiting state-sanctioned discrimination.

Southern Manifesto

1956 document opposing Brown v. Board decision.

Little Rock Nine

Group of nine black students integrating Little Rock schools.

Eisenhower's Response

Sent federal troops to enforce integration in Little Rock.

Emmett Till

Victim of racial violence, sparked national outrage.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

381-day protest against bus segregation initiated by Rosa Parks.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist known for refusing bus seat.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader advocating nonviolent protest for civil rights.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Civil rights organization founded by MLK in 1957.

KKK Membership Surge

Increased KKK membership in response to civil rights advances.

National Guard Intervention

State troops blocked integration, prompting federal troop deployment.

Civil Rights Activism

Efforts to end racial discrimination and promote equality.

Legal Failures

Resistance to enforcing civil rights decisions in the South.

Nonviolent Direct Action

Strategy employing peaceful protests for civil rights.

Eyewitness Testimony

Crucial evidence in Till's trial, ignored by jury.

SCOTUS Ruling on Buses

1956 decision declaring bus segregation unconstitutional.

Boycott Impact

Montgomery bus company nearly bankrupt due to boycott.

Civil Rights Movement Lessons

Activists learned importance of sustained community engagement.

Cold War Language

Used by Southerners to resist civil rights implementation.

Integration Resistance

Local officials' refusal to enforce desegregation laws.

Greensboro Sit-Ins

1960 protest by black students at diner.

Sit-In

Nonviolent protest by occupying segregated spaces.

Ella Baker

Civil rights leader who founded SNCC.

SNCC

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee for civil rights.

Freedom Rides

1961 protests against bus segregation in the South.

CORE

Congress of Racial Equality, organized Freedom Rides.

SCOTUS

Supreme Court of the United States.

JFK

President cautious about civil rights issues.

Robert Kennedy

Attorney General who supported Freedom Riders.

Birmingham Protests

1963 demonstrations against segregation in Birmingham.

Bull Connor

Birmingham commissioner who used violence against protesters.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

MLK's defense of nonviolent protest strategy.

Civil Rights Bill

Legislation aimed at ending racial discrimination.

Medger Evers

NAACP leader murdered in 1963, spurred activism.

Nonviolent Protests

Strategy to resist oppression without violence.

Civil Rights Act

1964 law prohibiting discrimination based on race.

March on Washington

1963 demonstration advocating for civil rights legislation.

Grassroots Efforts

Community-based initiatives for social change.

Desegregation

Ending the separation of races in public spaces.

Violent Resistance

Aggressive opposition to peaceful protests.

Public Safety Commissioner

Official responsible for maintaining order during protests.

Second Emancipation Proclamation

JFK's commitment to civil rights after Birmingham.

March on Washington

1963 event with 250,000 participants advocating for jobs and freedom.

MLK's Role

Martin Luther King Jr. was the prominent leader of the march.

John Lewis

Activist who moderated his speech to avoid alienation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting employment discrimination and ensuring public access.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law eliminating barriers to African American voter registration.

Bloody Sunday

1965 march from Selma met with violent state trooper response.

Freedom Summer

1964 campaign to increase black voter registration in Mississippi.

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)

Group advocating for black representation in the Democratic Party.

Lyndon Johnson

President who prioritized civil rights legislation after JFK's assassination.

JFK's Assassination

November 1963 event that shifted civil rights momentum.

Birmingham Church Bombing

1963 attack killing four young girls, highlighting racial violence.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Agency established to combat job discrimination.