APUSH: Unit 1 Review Guide + Vocabulary

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition that conquered the Inca Empire in Present-day Peru in 1532. Motivated by the pursuit of wealth, glory, and the spread of Christianity, Pizarro sought to exploit the riches of the Inca civilization.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish Conquistador, Mexico, 1519-1521. To conquer the Aztec Empire and claim territory for Spain, driven by the pursuit of wealth and glory.

Mestizos

A person of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry

Treaty of Tordesillas

• Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal.

• Division of New World territories: East for Portugal, West for Spain

Three sisters farming

• Corn: Main crop providing structure for beans to climb

• Beans: Fix nitrogen in soil, enhance fertility

• Squash: Broad leaves shade soil, suppress weeds

Mound builders

• Burial sites, ceremonial centers, and social gatherings.

• Complex societies with trade networks and agriculture

Black legend

A narrative portraying Spain as uniquely cruel and oppressive during colonization

Pope´s rebellion

• A coordinated uprising against Spanish colonial rule and Catholic missions, in New Mexico, primarily in the Santa Fe area, in 1680.

• To resist Spanish oppression, forced conversion to Christianity, and the suppression of native religious practices.

Lord de la Warr

• Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr

• Arrived in 1610, served until 1618

• To establish and govern the English settlement, promote colonization, and manage relations with Indigenous peoples.

Walter Raleigh

• Explorer, soldier, writer.

• Popularized tobacco in England.

• Attempted to establish Roanoke

James Oglethorpe

• Founder of Georgia Colony.

• Religious freedom, no slavery, and land ownership limits

• Defended the colony against Spanish Florida

Oliver Cromwell

• Lord Protector of England.

• English Civil War.

• Battle of Naseb.

• Puritan Government

John Smith

• English soldier, explorer, and author.

• Jamestown: Helped establish the first permanent English settlement in America.

• Served as president of the Jamestown colony.

Joint-stock company

• A business entity where shares are owned by shareholders.

• East India Company, Dutch West India Company.

House of Burgesses

• Colonial legislative assembly in Virginia. First elected legislative body in America.

• Created laws and levied taxes.

• Model for future legislative bodies in other colonies.

• Paved the way for democratic governance in the U.S.

slave codes

• Laws governing enslaved people.

• Control and restrict enslaved individuals' rights.

• Developed in the 17th and 18th centuries.

• Prohibited education, assembly, and movement

• Enslaved people considered property, not citizens

proprietor

• Owner of a business or property

primogeniture

• A system of inheritance where the firstborn child inherits the entire estate.

• Often leads to disputes among siblings.

1st Anglo-Powhatan War

• English settlers of Jamestown and Powhatan Confederacy.

• 1609-1614.

• Tensions over land, resources, and the settlers' expansion into Powhatan territory led to hostilities.

2nd Anglo-Powhatan War

• Pitting English colonists in Virginia against the Algonquian-speaking Indians

Act of Toleration

• Granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists

Barbados slave code

• Denied slaves, as chattels, even basic human rights guaranteed under common law, such as the right to life.

Virginia Company

• Formed to bring profit to its shareholders and to establish an English colony in the New World

Iroquois Confenderacy

• Made up of five tribes Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and the Seneca orginating from New York in 1722

Anne Hutchinson

• Challenged male authority, and indirectly, acceptable gender roles

• Preached to both women and men by questioning Puritian teachings about salvation

Roger Williams

• Founded the colony of Providence in present-day Rhode Island

William Bradford

• Governor of the Plymouth colony for 30 years

• Helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of the first permanent colony in New England

Peter Stuyvesant

• New Nethlands longest, most influential, and last Dutch governor

William Penn

• Oversaw founding of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe

John Winthrop

• 1st Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Leading Puritan founder of New England

King Philip

• King Philips War

Sir Edmund Andros

• Governor of the Dominion of New England

The ¨elect¨

• Group of souls who God selected to be predetermined for Heaven

Calvinism

• Gods sovereignty

• Predestination

• Total Depravity

• Irrestible grace

• Perserverance of the saints

Freemen

• A person who was not a slave

Antinomainism

• Any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious, or social norms

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Largest English settlement in New England

• Most influential both of the colonization of the region

Dominion of New England

• Group of British colonies in New England that joined together in the 17th century

Navigation Laws

• Restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing deependence on foreign imported goods

Great Puritan Migration

• English Puritans to the New England Colonies

• Freedom to practice their beliefs

Quakers

• Followers of a religious movement that began as an offshoot of Christanity in 17th century England

Mayflower Compact

• Aggreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony

Fundamental Orders

• Formed a confederation under the guidance of God

William Berkeley

• Advocated economic diversification and promoted trade betweeen the colonists and Virginia Indians

Nathanial Bacon

• Leader of Bacons Rebellion (1676-1677)

• Uprising against the govenor that ended w/ Bacons sudden death

Indentured servitude

A form of labor in which an individual is under contract to work w/o a salary to repay a loan

Headright system

A grant of land, usually 50 acres per immigrant sponsored

Jeremiads

• New type of sermon from Puritan preachers

• focused on teachers of Jeremiah

Middle Passage

Sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to West Indies

Bacon´s Rebellion

• Uprising of farmers, indentured servants, common people, and enslaved people against the wealthy and powerful elites of the Virginia Colony in the late 17th century

Leislers Rebellion

• Took advantage of instability following Englands Glorious Revolution

• Established resentment against British Domination & increased tension between colonists and the British

Half-Way Covenant

• Second-generation Puritans could become halfway church members in order to baptize their children

Jonathan Edwards

• Revivalist preacher

• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry

George Whitefield

• Founded the Methodist movement

• Anglican evangelist

• Leader of Calvinistic Methodists

Paxton Boys

• Mob of settlers that murdered 20 unarmed Conestoga in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in December 1763

Great Awakening

• Helped prepare the colonies for the American Revolution

• A series of religious revivals

Old and new lights

• Old Light condemned emotionalism & promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment

• New Lights supported evangelism, the new methods of prayer, and equality before Christ

Triangular Trade

• Weapons, textiles, and wine were shipped from Europe to Africa

• Enslaved people from Africa to the Americas

• Sugar, tobacco, and other products from the Americas to Europe

Molasses Act

• 1733

• Imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies

Describe the origin and development of the major Indian cultures of the Americas

The first Natives were Nomadic Asians that migrated across the land bridge and spread though out the Americas. They developed into advanced cultures like the Incas in Peru, the Mayans in Central America and the Aztecs in Mexico.

Explain the developments in Europe and Africa that led up to Columbus´ voyages

Colonized africa, and Vasco Da Gama opening a route to the far east, influencing columbus to take the dangerous path to sail west.

Explain the changing social conditions, political developments, and new scientific discoveries that resulted in European voyages of discovery

• Carotography, Caravel, Printing Press

• Overpopulation, food issues, need to go to the ocean to fish out food

• emergence of Nation States

• Isabel-Ferdinand

State the facts that caused the English to start late on colonization

• The War of the Roses

• The English Civil War

• Not large & powerful

• Didn’t have significant navy or sailing fleet

Describe the development of the Jamestown colony from disatrous beginnings to its later prosperity

• May 14, 1607, 100 members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded first permanent English settlement

• Famine, disease and conflict with Native American tribes

• new group of settlers and supplies in 1610. T

• obacco became Virginia's first profitable export,

• John Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of an Algonquian chief.

• remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699.

Describe the roles of Indians and African slaves in the early history of England´s southern colonies

indian slaves could not withstand the heat/cultivation like black slaves could, so they were the best to be used for the plantations.

Describe the changes in the economy and labor system in Virginia and the other southern colonies

once tobacco hit the market, the need for land and cheap labor expanded and grew. people didn't like using indentured servants because they feared they would revolt, so they began using slaves instead.

Describe the different motivations for immigration from Europe to the New World in the sixteenth century

desire to leave behind the extremely class-based europe, primogeniture, wealth, religious freedom

Describe the Puritans and their beliefs and explain why they England for the New World

• believed the anglican church had to be cleansed of old catholic tradition, and in predestination,

• everyone should be able to read the bible and interpret it on their own.

• ideas like these made protestants uncomfortable, so they persecuted puritans, and the puritans fled.

Explain the basic governmental and religious practices of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and how these practices shaped life in New England

• population was mostly puritan.

• only puritan freemen could vote, though the governors were elected.

• kicked out roger williams, who would found rhode island.