freshman bio midterm

Independent Variable

Variable you change

Dependent Variable

Variable you measure

Constant Variables

The variable that remains the same

Why is it important to only have one IV

So we know the IV is the only thing cause our DV to change

Why are constants important?

Makes sure nothing else will be causing change in out DV

Your data can _ or _ your hypothesis

Support or refute

Difference between experimental and control group

Experimental group receives experimental group and control group does not receive IV

Why is it important to have control group

Gives us something to compare our IV to. Establishes baseline

Difference between quantitative and qualitative data

Quantitative involves numbers and qualitative involves observations

What features should every scientific graph contain

Title, axis labeled, units, key included if needed, scale of graph is equally spaced and allows data to fill most space

Where do IV and DV go on graph

IV: x-axis

DV: y-axis

How do you know whether to make a bar or line graph

line graph- number on x and y axis

Bar graph- categories on x axis

What is biology the study of

Light

eight charcateristics of living things

-made up of cells

• reproduce

• 0grow and develop

• Based on universal genetic code

• -obtain and use materials and energy

• -respond to their environment

• -maintain a stable internal environment

• evolve

How is nonliving different then dead and provide examples

nonliving- never alive-plastic

dead-once was living but no longer is-fallen leaves

Which three sub-atomic particles make up an atom? what charges do they have?

Proton- positive

Neutron- no charge

electron- negative

Difference between ionic and covalent bonding

ionic- electrons are given and taken

covalent- electrons are shared

How can you tell whether a solution is acidic or basic

acids have a pH greater then 7 and bases have a pH less then 7

What does pH of 7 mean

neutral

What does pH scale show

measures acidity of a solution

Explain how hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions relate to pH

H+- hydrogen ion-more H+, more acidic, lower pH

OH- - hydroxide ion- more OH-, more basic, higher pH

Carbohydrates

Monomer- monosaccharide

elements- C, H, O

Functions/importance- quick energy/main source of energy

Lipids

Monomer- glycerol/fatty acid

Elements- C, H, O, P

Functions/importance- long term energy storage: protective membranes around cells and organs

Proteins

Monomers- Amino acid

Elements- C, H, O, N, S

Functions/importance- functions of cells, build tissue and muscle

Nucleic Acids

monomer- nucleotide

Elements- C, H, O, P, N

Functions/ importance- store and transmit genetic information

Why are enzymes necessary for life

lower activation energy needed for chemical reactions in living things

How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions

They allow reactions to happen with less required input of energy

How are enzymes affected by temperature and pH changes

Enzymes are proteins and have certain shape at which they will best function. Temperature and pH can affect the shape of the actual site of the enzyme and prevent the substance from fitting

What features do all cells have in common?

cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA

what are the features that make prokaryotes and Eukaryotes different

Eukaryotic cells are more complex, have membrane bound organelles, and DNA in nucleus

Prokaryotic cells are more simple don't have membrane bound organelles and don't have a nucleus

List example of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryote- plant and animal cell

pro- bacterial cells

what are three components of cell theory

all living things are made up of cells

cells are basic unit of structure of living things

new cells are produced from existing cells

Know role of nucleus

contains DNA "control center"

Know role of ribosomes

makes proteins

Know the role of the mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration where energy molecules are made

Know role of chloroplast in cells

site of photosynthesis where sugar is made from light energy

Know what cell membrane does

forms boundary between cells and outside environment: controls passage of materials in and out of cell

what organelles found only in a plant cell

cell wall, chloroplast

what organelles found only in animal cell

lysosome, centrioles

what structures makes up the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

draw and explain the structure of phospholipid

Has hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

What dies it mean if the membrane is "selectively permeable"

It will only let some things through freely

Why is cell membrane called the phospholipid bilayer

It is made of 2 layers of phospholipids. The hydrophobic tails face each other and make up the interior and hydrophilic heads face the interior and exterior of cell

What factors affect whether and object can cross the cell membrane easily or not

If it is large/small, charged/not charged. polar/non-polar

Compare and contrast diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

D- flow of molecule from higher concentration to lower concentration directly through membrane

FD- flow of molecules from higher to lower concentrations through a protein

O- facilitated diffusion of water

What is a concentration gradient?

the concentrations on both sides of the membrane

What does equilibrium mean in relation to cells

concentration inside the cell is equal to the concentration of the solution outside the cell

Compare and contrast passive and active transport

passive transport occurs without the use of energy when molecule moves with the concentration'

active transport uses energy and moves molecules against concentration

Explain endocytosis and exocytosis (two types of bulk transport)

Endo-is bulk movement of molecules into the cell

Exo- is bulk movement of molecules out of the cell

What effect do hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions have on plant and animal cells

Plant- hypertonic solutions will capture water to move out of the cell and shrivel or plasmolyze, hypertonic solutions will cause water to mace into cell and create turgor pressure and isotonic will maintain there same amount of water on both sides and plant will be flaccid

Animals- hypertonic will cause after to move out of the cell cell shrivels water will move into cell and cell can burst (no cell wall) isotonic same concentration on both sides animal cell is happy

How do each of these cross cell membrane

Co2(small, nonpolar), oxygen(small, nonpolar), water molecules(polar), glucose(larger, molecule), sodium(Na+)(charged ion), potassium(k+)(charged ion)

co2-diffusion

O diffusion

WM aquaporins or diffusion

G facilitated diffusion

S+p facilitated diffusion

How does ATP store and release energy

stored in phosphate group release by breaking bonds

What is goal of photosynthesis

to convert energy from sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen

In which organelle does photosynthesis occur

chloroplast

Write photosynthesis equation in words and formula

Sunlight+6CO2+6H2O- c6h12o6+6o2

Sunlight + water + carbon dioxide - glucose + oxygen

what are reactants of photosynthesis and how do plants obtain them

Carbon dioxide- air,

Water soil, sky

Sunlight Sun

What are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

What is a pigment?

light-absorbing molecule

what pigment is involved in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

Which colors are absorbed by chlorophyll

red, blue, violet

Which colors reflect chlorophyll

green

What is goal of cellular respiration (CR)

get energy organisms need from food

Where does Cr occur

mitochondria

Equation of Cr in written and formula

Glucose + oxygen- ATP(energy) +carbon dioxide+ water

C6H12+6O2- Energy (ATP) +6CO2+6CO2

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

they are the opposite of each other and both produce energy

Define aerobic

long term energy that requires oxygen, glucose then fats

Define anaerobic

short term energy (max 90 seconds) fat stores in muscle, laic acid fermentation

What process makes up anaerobic respiration

Lactic Acid fermentation

What happens during alcohol fermentation

Glucose is broken down into ethyl alcohol + CO2 + 2 ATP

What types of organisms carry out alcohol fermentation

Yeast (bread and beer)

What happens during lactic acid fermentation

Glucose is broken into lactic acid and 2ATP

What type of organisms carry out lactic acid fermentation

Prokaryotes (cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles)

Know how to define cell division

A parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells

Know what stage of the cell cycle DNA is replicated

Mitosis

Know what the cell cycle is

process cell grows, prepares for division, divides into 2 new cells

Key feature of duplicated chromosomes

Have chromotids

Order of mitosis

PMAT, prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

cell division stages

G1, S, G2

How do chromosome number transfer daughter cells during mitosis

Stay the same

Cancer

cell loses ability to respond to signals that regulate cell growth which makes the cell divide uncontrollable

What is a nucleotide made of

phosphate group, 5 carbon base, nitrogenous sugar

How do base percentages compare to each other

Adenine=thymine

cytosine=guanin

Define replication

copying or producing something

Semi-conservative definition in DNA terms

One old strand on new strand

AGGCTTTAACCG

TCCGAAATTGGC