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two process model
phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and then maintained through operant conditioning
classical conditioning
neutral stimulus associated with fear then becomes a phobic object
little albert
9 month old baby who was classically conditioned to fear furry objects
operant conditioning
negative reinforcement is when an individual avoids a situation, which reduces fear and reinforces avoidant behaviour, which maintains the phobia
evaluation strength- real world application
knowledge of the two process model allows for exposure therapies to be useful
evaluation weakness- cognitive aspects of phobias
behavioural explanations ignore cognitive aspects of phobias, so cannot fully explain the symptoms of phobias
evaluation strength- phobias and traumatic experiences
research on little albert confirms the association between stimulus and an unconditioned response does lead to the development of the phobia
evaluation weakness- individual differences
not all phobias follow bad experiences (eg fear of snakes is a common phobia in populations where few people have any experiences of snakes), so behavioural aspects may be an incomplete explanation