bio topic 5 : ch7 flashcards

clones

Genetically identical copy of an organism.

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

Reproductive cloning method in which the nucleus of an unfertilized egg is replaced with the DNA of a donor’s body cell.

differentiation

Process in which cells become specialized during development; occurs as different cell lineages begin to use different subsets of their DNA.

DNA sequence

Order of nucleotides bases in a strand of DNA.

chromosomes

Structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell’s genetic information.

histones

Type of protein that associates with the DNA double helix; one of many proteins that structurally organize eukaryotic chromosomes.

centromere

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other.

sister chromatids

Of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, the two identical DNA molecules attached to one another at the centromere.

chromosome number

The total number of chromosomes in a cell of a given species.

diploid

Cells having two of each type of chromosome characteristic of the
species (2n)

karyotype

Image of an individual’s complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location.

autosomes

– Paired chromosomes with the same length, shape, centromere location,
and genes
– Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

sex chromosomes

Chromosome involved in determining anatomical sex; member of a pair of chromosomes that differs between males and females.

DNA replication

Process by which a cell duplicates its DNA before it divides.

DNA polymerase

Enzyme that carries out DNA synthesis during DNA replication; uses a DNA template to assemble a complementary strand of DNA.

primer

Short, single strand of DNA or RNA that serves as an attachment point for DNA polymerase.

mutation

Permanent change in the DNA sequence of a chromosome. See base-pair substitution, deletion, insertion.

What is the name of the individual positively charged proteins that interact with DNA to form the structure of the chromosome?

Histones

When is the chromosome in its most condensed state?

During cell division

How does chromosome condensation relate to gene expression?

Gene expression tends to be higher in less condensed areas of the chromosome.

In a typical ___________ chromosomes are visualized as tightly packed DNA.

karyotype

____________ charged DNA wraps around ___________ charged histone proteins to form nucleosomes.

1. negatively

2. positively

In a DNA molecule, the base adenine (A) forms a hydrogen bond with which base?

Thymine (T)

The 5' end of a DNA sequence is characterized by which chemical group?

Phosphate

What is the complementary DNA sequence for the following DNA sequence: 5'-GTGATGCTT-3'?

3'-CACTACGAA-5'

When DNA is synthesized, the 5’ ____________ is joined to a 3’ ____________

1. phosphate group

2. oxygen

When not otherwise indicated, a single sequence of DNA is assumed to be which of the following?

Double stranded, written 5’ to 3’

After DNA replication has completed, each new double helix contains how many strands of newly synthesized DNA?

One

In the figure in the narrative content, which word describes the relationship between the two blue sequences of DNA?

Complementary (to each other)

After the process of DNA replication and cell division, how many genes will be present in each of the daughter cells relative to the original cell?

The same number of genes

According to the semi-conservative model of DNA replication, each daughter cell receives __________ original strand(s) of DNA from the parent cell.

one

If an uncorrected mutation occurs during DNA replication, where would you expect to see this mutation after cell division is complete?

In one daughter cell.

In the figure in the narrative content, which word describes the relationship between the two red sequences of DNA?

Complementary (to each other)