Biology Chapter 9 & 10 - Genetics and Biotechnology

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts related to genetics and biotechnology as discussed in Biology Chapters 9 and 10.

Genome

An organism’s complete set of genes located in the nucleus.

Transcription

The process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Codon

A three-letter sequence of ribonucleotides on the mRNA that codes for an amino acid.

tRNA

Transfer RNA; carries amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

DNA Polymerase

An enzyme that extends the daughter strand of DNA during replication.

Semiconservative Replication

The method of DNA replication where each new double helix contains one original and one new DNA strand.

Recombinant DNA

A plasmid that contains foreign DNA inserted into it.

Restriction Enzymes

Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

Molecular Cloning

The process of making identical copies of DNA.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Organisms that have foreign genes inserted into their genome.

Human Genome Project

A project aimed at identifying all the genes in the human genome and determining the sequence of the 3 billion nucleotides.