252 Final Exam

nature vs nuture

false dichotomy, biology interacts with environment to create unique experiences, development should be examined at multiple levels

stability and change

degree to which early traits persist throughout life or change, many argue that stability is a result of hereditary and possible early experiences through life, others argue that later experiences can produce change

continuity and discontinuity

extent to which physical development involves gradual, cumulative change or distinct stages

psychoanalytic theory

describes development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion. true understanding of development requires analyzing symbolic meanings of behavior and deep inner workings of the mind.

congitive

emphasize conscious thoughts

behavioral and social cognitive theory

emphasizes continuity in development, argues that development does not occur in a stage-like fashion (continuous)

ethological

stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical/sensitive periods. specific time frames in which the presence/absence of certain experiences has a long lasting influence on individuals

ecological

emphasizes environmental factors

piaget’s cognitive development theory

2 processes underlie a child’s cognitive construction of the world: organization and adaptation. adaptation is assimilation and accommodation.

vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory

emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development. zone of proximal development.

skinner’s operant conditioning

behavioral and social cognitive, operant conditioning, development consists of pattern of behavioral changes brought about by rewards and punishments

bandura’s social cognitive theory

behavior and social cognitive, studied children’s behavior after watching adults act aggressively with bobo doll

germinal period

0-2 weeks, when cells start multiplying and embed in the wall of the uterus

embryonic period

2-10 weeks, period of rapid differentiation, development of necessary structures (umbilical, amniotic), gastrulation

gastrulation

when fertilized egg undergoes cell division and forms layers (e.g. skeletal tissue)

fetal period

10-38/42 weekss, active organ growth and complexity, sex organs, development of bones, fat deposits, fetus becomes super active and can even stretch uterine wall, placenta

placenta

critical, supports development, has leukocytes that protect fetus from disease

germinal

a stroke at this stage of fetal development will terminate the fetus

embryonic

a stroke at this stage of fetal development will lead to moderate impairment

fetal

a stroke at this stage of fetal development will lead to mild-moderate impairment

teratogen

any agent that causes a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral developmental outcomes (e.g. alcohol).

teratogen damage severity

depends on dose, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure of teratogen

fetal teratogen exposure

__ causes stunted growth, fetal brain development problems, organ functioning problems

week 3

neural tube formation

week 10

basic brain region formation

week 13

neuronal migration begins

week 15

structural formation of the brain begins

week 25

synaptic pruning begins

week 30-40

myelination begins (brain growth spurt)

activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respiration

APGAR test, critical first assessment preformed at baby at both 1 and 5 minutes, helps understand if intervention is needed

APGAR indications

score of 0-3 = immediate resuscitation,

score of 4-7 = may require resuscitation,

score of 7-10 = normal

low birthweight

less than 5.5 lbs

preterm

born 3+ weeks before full term

small for date

birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered

environmental causes of low birth weight

poor health and nutrition, cigarette smoking, drug use, multiple births/reproductive tech, improved tech and prenatal care

maternal medical causes of low birth weight

age, preeclampsia, placenta priveria, cervical incompetence, premature labor

implications of low birth weight

low O2 levels, temp regulation, difficulty feeding and gaining weight, infection prone, breathing problems, neurologic problems, gastrointestinal problems, SIDS

initial view of infant motor development

dedicated to understanding milestones and child developmental norms, Arnold Gesell - psychologist and pediatrician, first direct of yale child study center 1911-1948, maturational perspective

developed view of infant motor development

social information guides motor actions, caregivers provide unsolicited advice which helps shape how babies perceive opportunities for action

MacFarlane classical conditioning

1978, took 38 week old fetuses and showed that fetuses are able to learn while in the womb, conditioned learned responses at this age are possible

Lecanuet et al. habituation

1993, heart rate focus study, speech and repeated speech decreased heart rate (plateau heart rate), fetuses can detect stimuli and learn, and able to auditorily discriminate voices

stage theory characteristics

qualitative changes, abrupt and discontinuous, across the board, invariant sequences, structure, not content, hierarchical, brings about equilibrium

motor development

threat to stage theory - some babies skip stages, stages overlap, revert to old stages

piaget

largest impact on developmental psychology: ways to study children, observations, concentric clinical method, asking and interviewing children. characterized by discontinuity, universality, egocentric speech, cognitive conflict, independent learning, knowledge “in” child

vygotsky

knowledge embedded in the tasks of culture, knowledge from others to self, from inter to intra mental, cultural tools (language) make transition happen, internalization. characterized by continuity, importance of culture, private speech, scaffolding, assisted learning, knowledge in social contexts

internalization

taking outside language from others and figuring it out in their mind to understand the world

scale errors

when young children attempt to preform inappropriate actions on miniature objects without considering the actual size of the object

zone of proximal development

the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers

steppling reflex

early infants, even before birth, can make alternating leg movements and forward stepping movements (precursors to walking), walk alone at 11-12 months

expressive

language that is nouns (ball, mama…)

recepive

language in which they are beginning to understand sounds in their environments

phonology

sound and rules with language, phenetics

semantics

word meaning

syntac

sentences and order of word in a sentence

morphology

smallest units of words, prefix

pragmatics

contextual meanings of words, sarcasm, ambiguity

prelinguistic

gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, imitation, and attention

receptive

comprehension, response to language, listening comprehension, reading comprehension

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expressive

formulation of sentences, word choices, what one is doing to produce language (outout)

autism

neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave

DSM autism

1. impairments in 3 areas of social communication and social interaction


1. deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity
2. deficits in nonverbal communication
3. deficits in developing/maintaining/understanding relationships
2. two types of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities


1. stereotyped/repetitive motor movements
2. insistence on sameness
3. highly restricted, fixated interests
4. hyper/hypo reactivity to stimuli

levels of support: 1 = requiring support, 2 = requiring substantial support, 3 = requiring very substantial

medical model

person is disabled by abnormalities of the body/brain, disabled people are broke/damages, disabled people should try to fit into society

social model

a person is disabled by environment, social barriers, disabled people are normal and should have equal rights, supported by society.

motor development in middle childhood

gross motor is smoother, more coordinated, fine motor is improved/fine tuned, hands are used as tools - hammering, pasting, tying shoes, fastening clothes, at 10-12 years - manipulative skills are similar to adults

social and emotional development at middle childhood

increased ability to understand complex emotions, increased understanding of multiple emotions in single situations, increased ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions, use of self initiated strategies for redirecting feelings

transition to elementary school

new role/relationships, peers, early schooling proceeds mainly on the basis of negative feedback

executive function

the ability to maintain an appropriate problem solving set for attainment of a future goal. needed to complete tasks that demand integration and coordination of multiple skills, and learning a new skill until it becomes automized

academic sucess

executive functioning predicts . children with weak ef are at higher risk for dropping out, socio-behavioral problems.

kubler ross stages of dying

denial, anger, bargaining (false hope, guilt), depression, acceptance

hospice care

end of life care (

palliative crae

specialized medical care for people with serious illness, treatments can continue, pain management. can be enacted at any stage of illness (even can be taken with treatment)

advance directive

legal documents that provide instructions for medical care and only go into effect if you cannot communicate your own wishes

living will, durable power of attorney

two most common advance directives

advance care planning

Discussing and preparing for future decisions about your medical care if you become seriously ill or unable to communicate your wishes

heart disease, cancer, covid, accidents, stroke

top 5 causes of death in 2021

red, green, amber

color vision requirements for driving

at least 120 degrees

visual field requirements for driving

20/100 carrier lens, 20/40 telescope

biotic telescope allowances for driving (carrier lens and fixed focus spectacle mounted monocular telescope no greater than 3x). daytime restriction.

20/70

acuity requirement for daytime restricted driver’s lisence

20/40

acuity requirements for unrestricted driver’s license

problem solving

establish realistic goals, brainstorm solutions, try out solutions, choose best solution, implement solution, evaluate outcome

other senses, organization, assertiveness training

strategies (non vision related) to treat/accommodate vision changes

lighting, glare, contrast, increase size, eccentric view

vision strategies to treat/accommodate vision changes

vision treatment team

ophthalmologist, optometrist, optician, psychologist, orientation and mobility specialist, low vision therapist, occupational therapist

normal age related vision changes

decreased visual acuity, presbyopia, floaters, dry eyes, increased need for light, difficulty with glare, difficulty adapting to light and dark, reduced contrast sensitivity, reduced color perception, reduced depth preception

diabetic retinopathy

scars throughout visual field that cause difficulty recognizing faces, issues with daily life. 40-45% of people with diabetes get.

macular degeneration

deterioration of the macula of the retina which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field. may have normal peripheral vision but unable to see clearly what is right in front of them. can be treated with laser surgery. if it worsens, it can lead to blindness (leading cause of blindness in older adults)

glaucoma

involves damage to the optic nerve because to the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye. initially can be treated with eye drops, if worsens, destroys vision.

cataracts

thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted, initially can be treated by glasses, but if worsens cloudy lenses can be surgically removed and replaced with plastic lenses

right hemisphere disorder

leads to cognitive communication problems, adults with this may be insensitive to others, rambling in speech, difficulty maintaining attention

aphasia

left hemisphere disorder, 1/3 of stroke survivors develop. neurological disorder caused by damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language production or processing, can be fluent or non fluent

fluent aphasia

anomic, conduction, wernicke’s. best 3-5 utterances produced contain less than 5 words per utterance. melodic line or prosody.

non fluent aphasia

transcortical motor, broca’s, global. excessive aphasia, “telegraphic” speech, less than 5 words in utterance on average, nouns stronger than verbs

laterality of function

two sides of the brain have different strengths but interact constantly

right brain

artistic, creative, spontaneous tasks

left brain

logical, rational, calculating

left neglect

part of the brain controlling attention does not work -- presents as topographic movement, geographic disorientation, reduplicative paramnesia

topographic

difficulty orienting to extra personal space

geographic

recognize general nature of surroundings but mistaken about where they are

reduplicative

believe in existence of duplicate persons, places, body parts, or events