coggy tricky bits

what did Kohler do?

pps had to judge if items were the same/different and in a same/different location

what did Kohler find?

increased activation for object task in ventral temporal cortex + fusiform gyrus

increased activation for spatial task in dorsal cortex

what did Karnath et al 2009 show about object recognition?

patients with ventral occipitotemporal lesions

patients impaired on perception task but okay for motor

what did koutzi + kanwisher find about the LOC?

fmri data - LOC integrates features into shapes

higher activation in lateral occipital complex for familiar / novel objects than for non-objects

what did Vuilleumier et al find about left fusiform cortex?

reduced activation in left fusiform cortex to same object from a different viewpoint than for presenting a different object

what did Yee et al 2010 find?

words either related to function, shape, f+s, unrelated, or identical

= left temporal cortex showed adaptation to pairs of words with same function = less neurons

what did Tanaka + Farah 1993 show about faces being processed holistically?

pps were worse at identifying specific facial features rather than face as whole

no difference for houses

what lesion sites did Rossion 2014 identify for prosopagnosia?

right ventral occipitotemporal cortex

but hard to pinpoint a specific area

what did Haxby show with MVPA?

categories of objects scanned in 12 runs for 5 mins, activation in voxels in ventral visual cortex measured

within category correlations were higher than between category correlations

= activation to faces was consistently similar but diff for diff categories = face recog not limited to just FFA

what did Pitcher et al 2009 do?

3 regions identified + gave pps TMS while remembering face, body, object stimuli + say if if matched prev stimuli

what did Picther et al 2009 find?

TMS to OFA - impairs face discrimination

TMS to EBA impairs body disciminaiton

TMS to LOC impairs object discrimination

what did MacKay show in 1973

ambiguous sentence - throwing stones at bank, biased word money or stones in unattended channel = interferes with sentence interpretation

what did Posner 1980 do?

box with arrow cueing where to look and shape in same/diff side

what did Posner 1980 find?

validly cueing a target = fast response than invalid cue

what did Egly et al 1994 do?

cued same object, same location

same object diff location

diff object

what did Egly et al 1994 find?

slower RTs for invalid cue

slower for cue target in diff objects + locations compared to same object diff location

= attention is object focused

what did Mattingley, Davis + Driver 1997 do + find ?

patients with extinction showed kaninsa vs non kaninsa

non-kaninsa = 70% of contralesional items missed when presented bilaterally

= pps perform better with illusory square shape

what di Vuillieumier + Schwartz 2001 show?

extinction was highest when the stimulus on the left was neutral but extinction was reduced when it was fearful (spider)

what did Vuilleumier + Rafal 2000 find?

same/ diff words presented

extinction was higher when 2 words were the same than when different as competing for attention

what did Posner 1984 do? contra v ipsi

cue on one side/ target on other

slowest reaction times on uncued contralesional condition as pps cannot disengage attention from cue in ipsilesional side = attention grabbed in good side

Verdon et al findings? 3 components of neglect

80 neglect patients, factor analysis

1) perceptive/ visuo-spatial neglect (left side omissions on word reading / bias on line bisection)

2) exploratory visuo-motor performance (missing left side of space in cancellation tasks)

3) object centred neglect (missing left side of words in word reading)

what brain regions map onto the 3 components that verdon found with neglect?

inferior parietal cortex = perceptive visuo-spatial neglect

temporal lobe = object centred neglect

dorsolateral pfc - exploratory/ visuomotor

what did Chelazzi 1993 do?

monkey neurons prefered triangle / squares in temporal cortex

monkeys showed fixation dot, cue, then shape, then eye movement

what did Chelazzi 1993 find?

response of neuron increases regardless of eye movement to prefered or non prefered target

this changes over time, response supressed if non-prefered target showed

what did Brefcynski + DeYoe 1999 do + find?

presented stimuli in diff segments of circle, pps associate segment + number + heard number played

= activation during visual stimulation and just when numbers read w/o seeing segment = primes pp for action in that area

what did Kastner find in v4?

area processing colours

healthy pps shown colour patches = activation is lower when items presented at same time instead of after one another = attentional competition

what did O-Craven 1999 show with the FFA and PPA?

overlapping face/house, one moves, one static

=attending to face + it moves = FFA activation increases, if asked to attend to house, FFA activation is suppressed

what did Nillie Lavie show with perceptual load?

distractor has bigger effect on low perceptual load than high perceptual load as low perceptual load has capacity left so the distractor causes interference

what did Schwartz et al 2005 find?

flickering checkerboards but focus on centre

low/high load task

= higher activation in primary visual cortex in low load > high load

what did Taylor 2006 do?

TMS of frontal cortex + EEG during task

cue to l/r - target - eye movement, stimulation over frontal eye fields

what did taylor 2006 show?

valid cue + target = faster reaction times

slowing in valid condition with stimulating eye fields

= some signal is sent from frontal cortex

what is spearman's intelligence g factor ?

children's ability on diff tasks = pos correlations

= general level of intelligence

fluid = reasoning

crystallised = general knowledge

what did Kyllonen find?

reasoning is correlated with working memory

what did Kane + Engle 2002 show?

factor analysis to find:

- complex span task predicts fluid intelligence

- distinction between working + short term memory

- working component predicts fluid intelligence

- fluid intellignece involves exceutive function of wm

- complex span = retention of info

what did duncan 2012 find?

complex task rules are key for fluid intelligence

correlation of IQ + rule working task test

= dividing into manageable chunks is better + this ability to divide problems down may separate scores

what did fuster show with monkeys + pfc?

increased firing rate in delay period of waiting for food in pfc for monkeys

what did funahashi do/ find?

monkey sees fixation, delay, eye movement

increased firing of pfc neurons + directionally cued to encode location of target

what did petrides + milner find?

frontal lobe lesioned patients had to touch a pic + then a new one

pfc lesions = worse performance on this task, could not store info in pfc over short time period

what did wilson 1993 find?

dissociation in pfc parts activated for spatial / non spatial memory tasks

location / identity of cue + make eye movement

diff neurons respond

what did linden 2012 do/find?

shown 3 pics, delay, say if 1 pic matches previous ones

faces/bodies/flowers/scenes

lots of action at back of brain, not much at front, no info about pfc

pfc did not hold temporary representations as these stored in visual cortex

what did rao et al 1997 find?

monkeys remember what / location of object

neurons showed sensitivity to both, same neurons could encode what/where info

what did Bor 2003 find?

neurons show adaptivity in info - chunking

lit up squares + respond with pattern

increased activation in pfc for structured trials > unstructured trials

what did Rigall 2012 do + find?

fmri healthy volunteers

see image, encode, see cue, have to remember direction or speed + match or not

= no activity in pfc, everything in posterior cortex = pfc is key for manipulation of rule related info

what did higo 2011 do/find?

pps remember 2 items, some remember one, some 2, greater activation in pfc for selective attention condition

disruption of pfc, pfc involved in sending attentional bias signals to enhance encoding of task relevant info

what did Miyake et al 2000 find?

3 overarching ideas :

shifting, updating, inhibition between tasks

what did stuss 2007 find?

frontal lobe lesioned patients

right lateral pfc = issues with monitoring

left lateral pfc - issues task setting

left medial pfc - issues sustaining a response

what did aron et al find?

right inferior frontal gyrus key for response inhibition in a stop signal task w/ slower reaction times w/ lesioned patients

what did dodds find?

go/ no/go task.

greater activation for doubble response than for no/go

= right inferior cortex may be a broad response for response control

what did bechara 1994 do/find ?

lesions + controls with iowa gambling task

healthy + other lesioned patients learned

orbitfrontal cortex lesioned patients did not learn from mistakes, also did not show same sweat repsonse in anticipation

= ofc plays role in value based decision making

what did fellows 2005 do/find?

changed order of card decks in iowa gambling task

= ofc patients improved performance

= ofc involved in suppressing already learned response reward associations

what did camille et al 2004 do/ find?

choose 2 circles, got partial or full feedback

healthy pps - happiness linked to outcome / or regret if not

ofc patients do not show regret based on what they could have won/lost

= ofc mediates satisfaction of decisions

what did dodds do with ritalin?

pps had a reverse learning task - reward w/ correct answer

modulation in activation in striatum w/ ritalin = putamen not activated

= dopamine in striatum performs cog flexibility w. incorrect feedback compared to correct

what did cools et al 2007 do?

bromocriptine - d2 receptor, works in striatum

focus on faces or scenes, switched / diff, categorised as low/high impulsives

high impulsives = big switch cost compared to low impulsive pps

but bromocriptine reduces switch costs in high impulsive pps

what did feinstein et al 2013 do/ show?

3 patients - looked at panic by inhaling co2

25% = panic attack

100% of amygadla lesions = panic attack

= can experience fear = amygdala key for translation of threats to fear

what did bechara et al do with 3 lesion patients?

one amydgala lesion, one hippocampal lesion, one with both

slides/tones + boat horn, measured skin conductance + knowledge of what cs predicted us

what did bechara find with 3 lesioned patients ?

controls = fine

amydgala = same knowledge but low skin conductance

hippocampal - no knowledge but skin conductance fine

both - poor at both

= amydgala - association of stimulus , hippocampus - explicit learning