Ap Euro :Unit3/4 People

James I (1566-1625)

also known as James IV, King of Scotland, he became the first Stuart king of England. 

Charles I (1600-1649) -

son of James I, he was the King of England at the time of the English Civil War. 

Oliver Cromwell (1559-1658

leader of the New Model Army during the English Civil War, and eventually the Lord Protector of England after the fall of Charles I. 

William III (1650-1702)

he was also William of Orange of the Netherlands. He took the throne of England during the Glorious Revolution. 

Mary II 1662-1694)-

daughter of James II and husband of William III, she helped her husband overthrow her father during the Glorious Revolution. 

Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

- he invented the seed drill and mechanical hoe in 1701, which revolutionized farming in England in the early 1700s.

Rembrandt (1609-1669)

a Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age, who is considered one of the greatest artists of all time.

Gustavus Adolphus (1594-1632)

king of Sweden who centralized power and revolutionized warfare in the 17th century. 

Louis XIV (1638-1715)

king of France and the best example of absolutism in the 17th century. He built the Palace of Versailles and fought many wars that increased the strength of France within Europe.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

Finance minister of France under the rule of Louis XIV. He instituted mercantile policies to decrease French debt and revitalize its industries

Philip V (1683-1746

grandson of Louis XIV, he took the throne of Spain during the War of Spanish Succession. 

Frederick William I (1688-1740)

king of Prussia who created a large and powerful army who turned Prussia into a prosperous and efficient nation.

Peter I (1672-1725

tsar of Russia and also known as Peter the Great, he modernized and westernized Russia and made them into a great European power. 

Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

an English philosopher who is responsible for creating the scientific method. 

Rene Descartes (1596-1650

a French philosopher and mathematician who is known as the father of modern day rationalism. 

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

a Polish astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe in his book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

a German astronomer who developed the laws of planetary motion and discovered that the planets orbit around the sun in elliptical orbits not perfect circles. 

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642

an Italian astronomer who made regular observations of the heavens with his telescope and discovered craters on the moon as well as the moons of Jupiter. 

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

an English mathematician and astronomer who discovered the universal law of gravity as well as the laws of motion. 

Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)

a Dutch physician who is seen as the founder of modern human anatomy, he dissected human bodies and described the individual organs and general structure of the human body.

William Harvey (1578-1657)

an English physician who showed that the heart was the beginning point for the circulation of blood.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

an English philosopher, whose book Leviathan, published in 1651 argued for the idea of an absolute sovereign. 

John Locke (1632-1704

an English philosopher and empiricist who is seen as the “father of liberalism” and wrote about social contract theory and natural rights in his book Second Treatise of Government.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

a Genevan (Swiss) philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment who wrote about a range of topics, from social contract theory to childhood development. Also known as the “father of Romanticism” due to his emphasis on the importance of emotions along with reason. 

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

a British philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment who advocated for women’s rights in her book A Vindication on the Rights of Woman in 1792. Also known as the “mother of feminism”

Voltaire (1694-1778)

a French philosopher and writer who is seen as the greatest figure of the Enlightenment. He wrote 70 different books on a range of topics, and is known for his criticisms of Christianity in France. 

Denis Diderot (1713-1784

a French writer of the Enlightenment who is most famous for organizing his Encyclopedia, which gave people increased knowledge of many different subjects outside of the realm of religion.

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

a French philosopher and judge who is most famous for his book The Spirit of Law in 1748 that discusses the idea of separation of powers. 

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

an Italian philosopher and criminologist during the Enlightenment who spoke out against the use of torture and the death penalty in his book On Crimes and Punishments in 1764

John Wesley (1703-1791)

an English Anglican priest who founded the religious movement of Methodism in the 18th century. 

Adam Smith (1723-1790

a Scottish economist who is known as the “father of capitalism” due to his ideas within his famous book Wealth of Nations in 1776

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834

an English economist who is most famous for his Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 that discussed the problems of overpopulation with England at the turn of the 19th century. 

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762)

an English aristocrat, writer, and medical pioneer, she introduced smallpox inoculation in Britain after spending time in Turkey. 

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

an English physician who developed the world’s first vaccine in 1796 for smallpox.

Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750

a German composer of the late Baroque period who wrote numerous cantatas, vocal pieces featuring instrumental accompaniment, for the Leipzig Church. 

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)

an Austrian composer who was a part of the Neoclassicism movement who focused on secular rather than religious themes, as well as order and balance instead of drama and emotion. 

Maria Theresa (1717-1780

a member of the Habsburg family and ruler of the Austrian empire from 1740 to 1780, she took power during the War of Austrian Succession. 

Joseph II (1741-1790)

son of Maria Theresa, who became the Austrian emperor, first as her co-regent and then by himself after her death in 1780. He is a great example of an enlightened absolutist due to his many enlightened reforms that he enacted within the country. 

Frederick II (1712-1786)

also known as Frederick the Great, he was king of Prussia who expanded Prussian lands. He was an enlightened absolutist who believed the king’s duty was to protect and serve his people through efficient government and prosperity. 

Catherine II (1729-1796)

also known as Catherine the Great, she was the tsarina and empress of Russia after overthrowing her husband Peter III. She increased Russian power while also encouraging the arts and learning.