Philosophy Exam #2

Knowledge

Is produced and grasped by instruction in education and is always
accompanied by the ability to render a true account (logos) or proof and cannot be shaken by persuasion or persuasive mean

Knowledge

__________ as a special faculty or power of the mind deals with its own “objects‟ – Forms/Ideas must be assumed in order not only to explain
the fact of cognition/understanding, but also to make possible opinion and sensation as they are given in experience

Dialectic

Saying what a thing is – boundary (horizethai) – a marking off

Dialectic

_________ is not a method a method for creating truth, but a way of rendering truths we already know transparently intelligible. It is also the right use of the Ideas/Forms, not just knowledge of the Ideas; also the second order knowledge

True Opinion

Is the result of persuasion (by many means) but the mind is incapable of accounting for itself and is susceptible to alteration or change by outside or external influences, such as what is heard or seen from other individuals

The Knowledge of Things That Are No More

When we think “man‟ or “horse‟, our thinking has an object that remains
unaffected by the destruction of any particular man or horse, or any number of them. Thus, some object exists apart from those particulars, its IDEA.

The One Over The Many

Though every man in the group of men is a man, and every animal an animal,
in no case is this particular subject the same as its general predicate since this
predicate is of a wider application than the subject. Thus, there is some
external existent apart from the particular individual thing, and is equally
applicable to all the individuals concerned. That which is the Unity of this Multiplicity, eternal and apart from them, we call the IDEA. For example,
Socrates is a man, John is a man, Bob is a man, all indicate that the predication “is a man” applies to the particular beings of Socrates, John, Bob.
So that statements such as the above are true because they reflect some
concept called the IDEA of MAN or the IDEAL MAN.

The Argument From The Sciences

(but especially Mathematics)
Mathematics is the starting point for discussion about eternal ideas. In
mathematics, according to geometric concepts, no line drawn is a perfect line
or a line at all, because it is 3 dimensional, but the perfect line has only 2 dimensions. No square drawn is a perfect square. However, we study the
properties of the perfect line or the perfect square. The objects of mathematics thus exist, though no in a physical sense or world (but in a metaphysical sense). We begin to access this world by “reasoning” – dianoia on the divided line.

Illusion

Object = Images (A - comes first) creates what state of mind (eikasia)

World of Appearances

Images and Visible Things are part of the _____ __ ___________

Belief

Object = Visible Things (B) creates what state of mind (pistis)

Reason

Object = Mathematical Objects (C) creates what state of mind (dianoia)

Intelligence or Knowledge

Object = Forms (D) creates what state of mind (noesis or episteme)

Intelligible World

Forms and Mathematical Objects are part of the ____________ _____

Education

Turning the mind around so you can see things for yourself

The Form of the Good

Is inferred to be responsible for whatever is right and valuable in anything, producing in the visible region light and the source of lights, and being in the intelligible region itself controlling source of truth and intelligence

Capacity of Knowledge

The _________ __ __________ is innate in each man’s mind, and that the organ by which he learns is like an eye which cannot be turned from darkness to light unless the whole body is turned

Cave

The ____ represents a world of limited perception. It represents how most people live, only seeing shadows or versions of the truth rather than the truth itself (The Cave Parable)

Prisoners

The _________ are just ordinary people like us if we are the type of people who just accept appearances without seeking any truth. These people, in addition to accepting appearances, choose to follow societal beliefs instead of searching for the truth (The Cave Parable)

Chains

The ______ symbolize the things that could hold people back from seeking knowledge or the truth. These things could be something such as fear or even false beliefs (The Cave Parable)

Puppet Masters

The ______ _______ represent the people who control the information seen by the prisoners. They could represent leaders or the media who create and manipulate narratives and stories that are falsely accepted by others as the truth (The Cave Parable)

How Does a Prisoner Escape the Cave

Once a prisoner is freed from the cave and leaves slowly and painfully. His escape represents more of a mental and intellectual escape rather than a physical escape as the prisoner moves from ignorance to seeking knowledge (The Cave Parable)

What Happens When a Prisoner Returns to Cave

When the prisoner returns to the cave, the others reject him and his claims. The prisoner claims that the shadows are not reality. It shows how people reject change and that people often reject minority beliefs or beliefs that are different from accepted beliefs (The Cave Parable)

“The Good”

Is the ultimate source of truth and knowledge in the allegory; is also the highest form of reality; the total big picture

Material, Efficient, Formal, and Final

What are the four causes according to Aristotle?

Material

That out of which a thing is made; the substance out of which a thing comes to be (is generated) and persists; that in which a change takes place

Efficient

That by which some change is brought about; the source of motion, genesis, or change; that which initiates activity

Formal

That into which something is made; the species, kind, or type; the shape or pattern, configuration into which something is changed

Final

That for the sake of which something is made; the intended function of an artifact; the goal, end or full development of an individual plant, animal or person; the most important cause which determines the other three causes

Happiness

Eudaimonia = ?

Moral Virtue

Is a characteristic involving choice consisting in observing a mean relative to us which is defined by a rational principle as a man of practical wisdom would determine it. This mean is by reference of two vices, one of excess, the other of deficiency in our actions and emotions

Bravery

Fear (especially in war); Excess = None; Deficiency = Coward

Courage

Confidence; Excess = Rash; Deficiency = Coward

Eudaimonia

5 points of Nicomachean Ethics and theoretical excellence provides complete __________ for the human intellect

Intellect

1st point; _________ (or intelligence) is the highest faculty and theoretical thinking (theoreia) or contemplation - the highest and most divine-like activity (energeia)

Intellectual Activity

2nd point - We can sustain this type of ____________ ________ longer or more continuously than bodily activity or exercise

Pleasure

3rd point - ________ (hedone) is one of the elements of eudaimonia and philosophical pleasure associates with complete knowledge or wisdom and not learning or research

Philosopher

4th point - The ___________ is more self-sufficient than any other individual (i.e. he needs external goods like others, but is able to pursue his studies or theoretical activity alone

Philosophy

5th point - __________ is loved for its own sake and not for the sake of the results that accrue from it

1st Point

Intellect (or intelligence) is the highest faculty and theoretical thinking (theoreia) or contemplation - the highest and most divine-like activity (energeia)

2nd Point

We can sustain this type of intellectual activity longer or more continuously than bodily activity or exercise

3rd Point

Pleasure (hedone) is one of the elements of eudaimonia and philosophical pleasure associates with complete knowledge or wisdom and not learning or research

4th Point

The philosopher is more self-sufficient than any other individual (i.e. he needs external goods like others, but is able to pursue his studies or theoretical activity alone

5th Point

Philosophy is loved for its own sake and not for the sake of the results that accrue from it

Political Science

The most authoritative art

What Does Political Science Look At

• Ordains which of sciences should be studied

• Which class of citizens should learn

• Up to what point (age) they should learn them

Politics

E.G. - strategy, economics, rhetoric (communication skills)

Political Science

Legislates what we are to do & what we are to abstain from; all other sciences must be subordinate

Temperate, Continent, Incontinent, and Intemperate

Four Different States of Moral Character

Temperate

Without remorse or temptation; no bad behavior = totally morally virtuous

Continent

With some remorse/temptation = usually morally virtuous

Incontinent

Weakness of the will - usually does the wrong action - but acknowledges it

Intemperate

Deliberate bad behavior - a chosen and recognized lifestyle

Self-Sufficiency

To be in charge of your own life (not being guided by others); Having everything necessary within oneself to live a good and happy life

Virtue

A state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean, that is, the mean relative to us, this being determined by a rational principle, and by that principle by which the man of practical wisdom would determine

Names that Imply Badness

Spite, Shamelessness, Envy

Actions that Imply Badness

Adultery, Theft, Murder

Truth

_____ is independent of language, time, and culture (everything else that exists)

Plato’s Republic

Whatever you are, you will be for the rest of your life (everyone will do their jobs); first book written about communism

Dualism

Have both a physical nature and a soul/mind

Soul

Psuche = ____

Emotional Content

Immature people are guided by _________ _______

Noble

Doing things with the right intentions towards the right goal (right way, right means, right goals)