Anatomy of the cat and dog

Caudal

toward the tail

Cranial

toward the skull

Dorsal

toward the back or top surface

Ventral

Toward the belly undersurface

Rostral

toward the nose

Palmer

in the lower front limbs toward the back surface when standing

plantar

in the back of the lower hind limb

Proximal

toward the point of attachment to the body

distal

away from the point of attachment

lateral

towards the outside of the body away from the midline

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

cells

basic building block

cell membrane

membrane holding in the structure of cell

tissues

groupds of specialized cells and fluid

organs

group of specialized tissues that perform a function

organ system

group of organs that perform a function

epithelial tissue

protective coverings, usually on the outside of the organs or body

1. squamous

2. cuboidal

3. columnar

Muscular tissue

used for movement and contractions

1. striated

2. smooth

3. cardiac

Connective tissue

for support of bones, fat, blood, cartilage etc.

nervous tissue

brain/nerves

Bone

Hard connective tissue forming the skeleton.

skeleton

The inner framework made of all the bones of the body.

axial skeleton

bones of the head, vertebral column, and thorax

appendicullar skeleton

bones of the limb including shoulder and pelvis

Ossification

bone formation

osteoblasts

cells that create bone

Osteoclasts

cells that destroy and then remodel bone

Daiphysis

shaft of a long bone

epiphysis

area of growth at proximal and distal ends of long bones

Metaphysis

between where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

Medullary cavity

stored bone marrow. major source of calcium

Periosteum

tough fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone except where the articular cartilage is. hardest part of the bone. highly sensitive to pain.

endosteum

lines the hollow medullary cavity

nutrient foramen

external opening of nutrient canal. allows direct source of blood to the bone

Cancellous (Trabecular) bone

spongy bone, toward the end of the bones

cortical bone

cortex/ compact bone of the shaft. determines the form of the bone. Thick toward the midline but thin toward the epiphysis

Articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

tendon

Connects muscle to bone

ligament

Connects bone to bone

joint

A place where two or more bones meet

Muscle

a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or maintaining the position of parts of the body.

opposing muscle group

perform opposite functions (Biceps.triceps)

Order of the Vertebrae

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

all mammals have __ cervical vertebrae

7

Scapula

shoulder/shoulder blade

humerus

long bone at top of front leg

Radius/ulna

2 bones of foreleg

carpus

wrist

metacarpals

front limb (hand)

Phalanges

digits

What is different about the duclaw compared to the rest of the toes

only have 2 phalanges instead of 3

Appendicular skeleton

1. pelvis

2. Femur

3. Tibia/fibula

4. tarsal

5. metatarsals

6. Phalanges

Pelvis

1. Ilium

2. Ischium

3, Pubis

4. Acetabulum

5. Obturator Foramen

Acetabulum and the head of the femur form the

ball and socket joint of the hip

Type of teeth animals have depends on

how and what they eat

Herbivores

flat teeth for grinding plant material

Carnivores

very sharp teeth for ripping and tearing

Omnivores- dogs

have combination, have sharp incisors and canines but flatter premolars and molars for grinding

crown

above the gum tissue

root

below gum tissue

enamel

hardest substance in the body; covers the outer surface of the tooth

Dentin

shock absorber

Pulp

nerve and blood supply if the tooth

Incisors

front teeth, ruminants no upper incisors;dental pad. Horses - lower incisors are used to age the horse

canines

large sharp teeth in carnivors and omnivores

dogs have

42 teeth

cats have

30 teeth

Digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum and anus

Stomach

caria, fundus/body, pylorus

Small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Large intestine

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

Circulatory system

oxygenated blood enter the ARTERY, into the ARTERIOLE and enters gas exchange in the CAPILLARIES then become deoxygenated in the VENULE and enters VEINS and starts over in the heart

Respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm

lungs have

Bronchi, bronchioles, Alveoli

Neurological system

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neurology

study of the nervous system

Sensory Functions

senses changes inside or outside the body and sends messages to the brain

Integrating functions

producing a response

Motor funcitons

instructions for the body to complete a task movement

Neuron

functional unit cell of nervous system

Dendrites

receives stimulus or impulse, sends the stimulus toward the cell body

cell body

control center, nucleus

Axon

sends stimulus to another nerve cell, goes away from cell

Axon- Schwann Cells

PNS

axon

oligodendrocytes

CNS

Myelin Sheath

cell membrane of schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. controlls the speed of the impulse going through the neuron

A node of Ranvier (myelin sheath gap)

where the schwann or oligodendrocytes join together

Synapse

location where nerve impulse go from 1 nerve to another. nerve ending

Afferent nerves

conduct impulses toward the CNS. tell the CNS whats going on in the rest of the body. sensory

Efferent nerves

conduct impulses away from the CNS, tells the body to move certain ways, Motor

Cerebrum

controls most highly developed functions in the body, sight, smell, sound, and thinking

Cerebellum

coordinates body movement and balance

corpus callosum

delivers messages from 1 side of the brain to the other

Medulla Oblongata

controls heat, circulation, and breathing

Pons

connects brain and spinal cord

3 coverings of the central nervous system

Dura matter, arachnoid, pia matter: called meninges

Dura matter

outer layer

arachnoid

contains blood vessels

Pia matter

covers the brain