HBS 2.2 Quiz

Pineal Gland

Regulates circadian rhythms through melatonin production

Hypothalamus

Connects w/ pituitary to form “bridge” between nervous and endocrine

Pituitary gland

Endocrine system’s “master gland“; regulates production of other hormones

Thymus gland

T-cell production

Adrenal glands

sex hormone precursors & normal hormone production to respond to stress, immune system and metabolism

Pancreas

Digestion and insulin production

Thyroid

Metabolism

Parathyroid

Calcium balance

Testes and ovaries

sex hormone production (testosterone, estrogen and progesterone)

Testosterone

Building bone and muscle mass, body hair growth, and development of reproductive tissue

Estrogen

Puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause, sperm development, and bone health; also produced in adrenal glands & fat cells

Progesterone

Menstruation, pregnancy, and testosterone production; also produced in adrenal glands & fat cells

Abstract

Summarizes the important points of the paper

Introduction

Provides bg. info to understand why the described experiment was conducted

Methods

Describes all experimental procedures, including the controls, in enough detail to enable someone else to repeat the work.

Results

Summarizes general trends in the data w/o comment, bias, or interpretation and typically includes figures and tables as an efficient way to convey info

Discussion

Evaluates the meaning of the results in therms of the original question or hypothesis and relates the results to other studies

References

Lists in alphabetical order, the sources used in the paper. Should be full references so that reader can find the og.

Hypopituitarism

Cause: Pituitary releases low levels of TSH & LH, thyroid releases low levels of T3 & T4; releases high levels of GH

Effects: Pituitary doesn’t release enough GH; lack of GH acts on liver’s storage of glucose

Grave’s Disease

Cause: Enlarged or inflamed thyroid; overproduction of T3 & T4

Effects: Excess thyroid hormones accelerates body’s metabolism, causes unintentional weight loss; heart affected, causing palpitations and tachycardia

Pituitary Tumor

Causes: Low T3 & T4 levels decrease metabolism →weight gain & fatigue; Low LH decreases sperm count; High GH causes enlarged face, jaw, hands/feet

Effect: Delayed development (bones & other tissues); increased body fat levels →weight gain

Myasthenia gravis (MG)/Thymic hyperplasia

Cause(s): Thymus gland’s inflamed and enlarged; Altered thymosin released from thymus

Effects: Altered T-cells attack acetylcholine receptors; excessive muscle contractions →muscle fatigue (esp. in eyes, mouth, throat, limbs)

Addison’s Disease

Cause(s): Adrenal glands aren’t producing enough cortisol or aldosterone; pituitary overproduces ACTH

Effects: Low blood sugar; Low Na & High K →low blood pressure; excessive weight loss

Hypocalcemia

Cause(s): Parathyroid glands produce low levels of PTH→low levels of Ca and Vitamin K in the blood

Effects: lack of Ca → muscle cramping, twitching and convulsions; dry skin, brittle nails & coarse hair

Pineal injury

Cause: decreased production of melatonin

Effect: trouble sleeping & napping during the day