BIOCHEM113 PRELIMS

Robert Hooke

first to use the term cell

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

improved a microscope and observed animalcules

Robert Brown

discovered nucleus within cells

Eukaryotes

Type of cell wherein DNA is found in the nucleus of cell

Eukaryotes

Type of cell that contain membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

Type of cell that uses mitosis for cell division

Prokaryote

Type of cell wherein DNA is not enclosed within the membrane

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer containing cholesterol, proteins, and some carbohydrates

Secondary Active Transport

Actively transports one substance across the membrane, creating a concentration gradient.

Exocytosis

movement out of the cell

Endocytosis

movement into the cell

Interphase

longer phase of the cell cycle where cell prepares for division

G0

• also known as the growth phase

• no cellular division

G1

• also known as the gap phase 1

• rapid cell growth

G2

• also known as the gap phase 2

Synthesis phase

• replication

Chromosome

Made up of two sister chromatids

Prophase

Each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere

Metaphase

Chromosomes align at the center of the cell

Anaphase

Chromatids separate at the centromere

Telophase

Cell division is completed, and new two daughter cells are produced

Mitosis

• somatic/body cells

• diploid at the start and end

Meiosis

• gametes/sex cells

• diploid at start and haploid at end

Functional Groups

Groups of atoms in organic molecules responsible for their characteristics and chemical reactions.

Plasma membrane

Functions as barrier to enclose cell contents

Nucleus

• enclose within nuclear envelope

• contains nucleolus

Nucleolus

• consists of RNA and proteins

• functions in ribosomal unit assembly

Nucleoplasm

• surrounds the chromatin and nucleoli

Cytoplasm

• located between plasma membrane and nucleus

• functions for various cellular processes

Organelles

membrane-bound structures that carry out metabolic activities

Cytosol

provides support for organelles and serves as the viscous

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• membrane network with ribosomes

• modifies and transports proteins produced by attached ribosomes

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• membrane network without ribosomes

• transports lipids

Golgi Apparatus

• several elongated, flattened saclike membranous structures

• sorts materials from endoplasmic reticulum

Vesicles

transport cellular material

Secretory vesicles

also called mature vesicles

Mitochondria

• double-membrane with circular strand of DNA

• responsible for ATP

Lysosomes

• spherical shape that digest microbes

Peroxisomes

• small vesicles involved in biosynthesis of cholesterol

Cytoskeleton

• network of protein filaments that maintains integral structural support and organization of cells

Microfilaments

maintains cell shape

Intermediate filaments

mechanical support

Microtubules

provide structural support

Diffusion

higher to lower concentration

Facilitated diffusion

requires protein carrier

Osmosis

water point across permeable membrane