APUSH Unit 4

Republicanism

a complex, changing body of idea,s values, and assumptions that developed in the United States in the late 1790s and early 1800s around Thomas JEfferson and James Madison’s political campaigns for the presidency

Tariff

a tax on imports into any nation

Midnight judges

the name the Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans gave to those judges appointed by the outgoing Federalists president John Adams, one was Marbury of Marbury v. Madison

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 as unconstitutional

Judicial Review

a power implied in the Constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by Congress and state legislatures; secured by Marbury v. Madison

Wall of separation between church and state

a phrase coined by Thomas Jefferson to make clear his belief that the First Amendment to the Constitution guaranteed that governments should not interfere with the work of churches, and churches should not interfere with, or expect support from, the government.

Religious establishment

the name given to a state-church or to the creation of an “established church” that might play a role in, and expect support and loyalty from, all citizens

Deist

One who has religious orientation that rejects divine revelation and holds that the workings of nature alone reveal God’s design of the universe and that all will be revealed at the end

Second Great Awakening

a series of religious revivals in the first half of the 1800s characterized by the great emotionalism in large public meetings, follows First Great Awakening

Louisiana Purchase

1803; the US purchase of vast land holdings that France claimed align the west side of the Mississippi River beginning in new Orleans and extending to the Canadian border; nearly tripled US property

Corps of Discovery

the name given to the expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804 to 1806 that explored the Louisiana Purchase land and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast

Embargo Act

An act passed by Congress In 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Non-Intercourse Act

passed by Congress In 1809, an act designed to modify the Embargo Act by limiting it to trade with Britain and France so as to extend US commerce in the rest of the world; they could trade with anyone but Britain and France

War Hawks

members of Congress, mostly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810

The Hartford Convention

A meeting of Federalist delegates from the New England states to protest the continuation of the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812

Adams-Onís Treaty

An 1819 treaty between the United States and Spain that led to the American acquisition of Florida and american rights in Oregon Territory in return for a $5 million payment to Spain

Monroe Doctrine

A declaration by President James Monroe in 1823 that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization and that the United State would not allow European interference in the internal affairs of independent nation anywhere in the Americas

Cotton gin

invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, allowed for the inexpensive processing of cotton by mechanically separating cotton seeds from fibers

Black belt

the cotton growing region that was developed in the early 1800s stretching from Georgia through Alabama, mIssissippi, and Lousiiana, named for its rich black soil

Erie Canal

finished in 1825, the canal linked the Hudson river with the great lakes and gave farmers all along its route new ways to be part of the global economic system of trade, man made waterway that extends 363 miles between ABlandy and Buffalo, 83 locks

Era of Good Feelings

1817 to 1823, decline of the Federalists enabled Democratic Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony, under Monroe Administration

Missouri Compromise

Congressional compromise of 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory above the 36/30 north latitude.

American System

the program of the government subsidies to improve road and canals and to foster economic growth and protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition

Whig Party

Political party that begins to take shape in support of the Adams & Clay American system and was first known as the national Republicans but became the Whig Party in the 1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats

Democratic Party

political party that favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government, especially in economic affairs

Spoils system

a way of selecting people for government jobs based on the idea that ot the victor go the spoils, established during Jackson presidency and eventually replaced with the merit system

Nullification

a constitutional doctrine holding that a state has the legal right to declare a national law null and void within its borders

Five Civilized Tribes

The Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles; established treaty agreements with the United States in the late 1700s or early 1800s; lived in peace with their neighbors and adopted more American ways than the ways of the Native people

Indian Removal Act

Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 under Jackson which provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Native Americans in the West. It granted the president authority to use force is necessary and result in the involuntary transfer of thousands to Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

The forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Native Americans from their homelands in georgia to the West in Oklahoma, thousands died along the way from the elements, under Jackson and Indian Removal Act

The Second Bank of the United States

A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory power over currency and credit; charter expired under Jackson

Tariff of Abominations

A revised federal tariff (import tax) that lowered the tax on cotton products but raised it on many products made in the mid

Manifest Destiny

the doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God and was a means to spread Protestant Christianity and Jacksonian Democracy to more people; justified Louisiana Purchase, Oregon Territory, and Pacific influence

Alamo

a Fransican mission at San Antonio Texas, the site of the 1836 siege and massacre of TExans by Mexican troops during the battle for Texas’ independence.

Tejano

people of Spanish or Mexican descent born in Texas

Empresario

an agent who received a land grant from the Spanish or Mexican government in return for organizing settlements

Californio

Person of Spanish descent, after 1821, Mexican citizen living in California

Gag rule

a procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions and nullification issues from 1836 to 1844 under Van Buren

Panic of 1837

a major economic downturn brought on by temporary excesses in international trade and the inability of the United States to control the currency or make credit available after the closing of the Second National Bank

Specie Circular

a proclamation issued by president Andrew Jackson in 1836 spitaling that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

signed by the US and Britain in 1842 that settled a boundary dispute between the US and Canada and provided for closer cooperation in suppressing african slave trade

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

the treaty signed in 1848 that ended the US war with Mexico and granted the US control of Texas, New Mexico, and California, nearly completing the continental US

Gadsden Purchase

the final acquisition of land in the continental US was completed in 1853 when they apid MExico $10 million for a strip of land in southern New Mexico and Arizona

Bear Flag Revolt

a revolt led by recent American immigrants who temporarily declared California to be an independent Republic until US forces took control of the territory

California Gold Rush

the rush to find gold that brought thousands of new residents to California and produced millions of dollars in new wealth for the region and the US

Kanagawa Treaty

an 1854 agreement between US and Japan to open two Japanese ports to the US for commerce and trade, to protect shipwrecked American sailors, and to end Japan’s long