ch 14 reproductive system week5

genitalia

genitalia

organs of reproduction and their associated structures; consists of internal and external

gametes

sex, or reproductive, cell containing only one set of dissimilar chromosomes, or half the genetic material necessary to form a complete organism

male perineum

extends from scrotum to area around anus

female perineum

extends from pubic symphysis to area around anus

scrotum

sac-like structure; surrounds, protects, and supports testicles

testicles

two small, egg-shaped glands that produce the sperm

epididymis

coiled tube at the upper part of each testicle

spermatic cord

extends upward from epididymis; attached to each testicle

glans penis

the tip; head of the penis

foreskin

prepuce; retractable double-layered fold of skin

vas deferens

long, narrow continuations of each epididymis

seminal vesicles

glands that secrete a thick, yellow substance to nourish the sperm cells

ejaculatory duct

begins at vas deferens, passes through prostate gland, and empties into the urethra

prostate gland

lies under the bladder; surrounds the end of the urethra; during ejaculation, secretes a thick, alkaline fluid; aids the motility of the sperm

bulbourethral glands

located just below the prostate gland; during sexual arousal, these glands secrete a fluid known as pre-ejaculate; can contain sperm and is able to cause pregnancy even if ejaculation does not occur

spermatozoa

sperm

spermatogenesis

process of sperm formation

seminiferous tubules

where sperm are formed

phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin

Peyronie’s disease

penile curvature during erection

priapism

painful and persistent erection lasting 4 hours or more

andropause

male menopause

cryptorchidism

undescended testicle

epididymitis

inflammation of the epididymis resulting from a bacterial infection

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac in scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles

testicular torsion

twisting of vas deferens and blood vessels leading into the testicle

orchitis

testitis; inflammation of testicles

varicocele

knot of widening varicose veins in one side of the scrotum

azoospermia

absence of sperm in semen

oligospermia

sperm count of below 15million/mL

hematospermia

blood in the seamen

orchiectomy

orchidectomy; removal of one or both testicles

orchiopexy

repair of cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

varicocelectomy

removal of a portion of an enlarged vein to relieve a varicocele

bilateral orchiectomy

castration

vasovasostomy

vasectomy reversal

cryopreservation

allows a man to freeze his sperm indefinitely

PDE5 inhibitors

drugs such as Viagra; treat erectile dysfunction

Bartholin's glands

produce mucus secretion

follicle

fluid-filled sac; contains single ovum (egg)

ova

eggs

infundibulum

funnel-shaped opening into the fallopian tube

fimbriae

fringed finger-like extensions

fundus

bulging, rounded part

corpus

body of the uterus

cervix

lower, narrow portion

menarche

beginning of menstruation

menopause

normal termination of menstruation in a woman during middle age; “confirmed” when a woman has gone 1 year without menses

perimenopause

transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all; can last as long as a decade

ovulation

release of a mature egg from a follicle; happens on approximately 13th or 14th day of a woman’s menstrual cycle (2 weeks)

corpus luteum

secretes progesterone during second half of menstrual cycle

endometrium lining

sloughs off as menstrual flow occurs

fetus

baby in utero from the 9th week of pregnancy to the time of birth

fraternal twins

fertilization of separate ova by separate sperm

identical twins

fertilization of a single egg cell by a single sperm; divides to form two embryos

placenta

allows exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products; temporary organ

amniotic sac

amnion; innermost membrane surrounding an embryo in the uterus

amniotic cavity

fluid-filled space between the embryo and the amniotic sac

amniotic fluid

liquid that protects a fetus and makes possible its floating movements; the fetus will swallow this fluid and it helps develop the lungs

umbilical cord

3 vessels wrapped in a membrane that carries blood, oxygen, and nutrients from the placenta to a developing baby

gestation

the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth approximately 280 days (40 weeks)

antepartum

before birth

nullipara

woman who has never borne a viable child

primigravida

woman during her first pregnancy

primipara

woman who has borne one viable child

multiparous

woman who has given birth two or more times

lochia

postpartum vaginal discharge

uterine involution

return of the uterus to its normal size

colostrum

specialized breast milk; delivers essential nutrients and antibodies

lactation

forming and secreting milk from the breasts

vernix caseosa

greasy substance that protects a fetus in utero

meconium

first feces of a newborn; typically it stays in the fetus until after birth, but a fetus can expel in into amniotic fluid (distress or none)

Apgar score

evaluates heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflexes, and skin color

Meconium aspiration syndrome

a newborn breathes a mixture of meconium and amniotic fluid into the lungs around the time of delivery. Can cause pneumonia; most cases resolve in a few days; unfortunately, if severe enough, can cause fetal death.

dermoid cyst

teratoma; benign tumor containing various tissues

pelvic inflammatory disease

inflammation of the female reproductive organs that can cause abscess and adhesions

polycystic ovary syndrome

hormone imbalance; irregular menstrual cycles

endometriosis

patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity

uterine fibroid

myomas; benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue

dyspareunia

pain during sexual intercourse

vaginal atrophy

happens during menopause; thinning, drying, and inflammation of vaginal walls

vaginal candidiasis

yeast infection

vaginismus

involuntary spasm of the pelvic floor muscles, which close off the vagina

bacterial vaginosis

overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina

cervical dysplasia

presence of precancerous changes

cervical insufficiency

incompetent cervix

fibroadenoma

benign, round, firm, rubbery mass

fibrocystic breasts

presence of fibrous tissue and benign cysts

galactorrhea

production of breast milk in a woman who is not breastfeeding

mastalgia

pain in the breast

amenorrhea

abnormal absence of menstrual periods for 90 days or more

menorrhagia

excessive amount of menstrual flow

hypomenorrhea

unusually small amount of menstrual flow

oligomenorrhea

infrequent or very light menstruation

polymenorrhea

menstrual cycles more frequently than is normal

premature menopause

ovaries cease functioning before age 40

hormone replacement therapy

estrogen and progesterone; replaces hormones after perimenopause

abortion

interruption or termination of pregnancy

ectopic pregnancy

extrauterine pregnancy

abruptio placentae

placental abruption; spontaneous vs. trauma