Behav. Med. exam 2

Selye’s new idea

Body has a remarkably similar response to many different stressors, stressors can sometimes make you sick

Stress

threatening situation or stimulus. describe a response to a situation

Affective neuroscience

scientific study of the neural mechanisms of emotions

Stressor as positive effect

mobilize our immune system to fend off infections and promote healing

Bodys response to challenging, potentially stressful events is partially under the control of

sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

fight or flight response

outpouring of epinephrine, cortisol - prepare an organism to react to a threat - attacking or running away

eustress

good or positive stress that motivates, focuses energy, improves performance without overwhelming an individual

Hypercortisolism

serious disorder caused by prolonged exposure to excessive levels of the hormone cortisol

Somatic Nervous System

sensory neurons, transmi nerve impulses to lower level brain regions - announce impending threat

Reticular Formation

central role in alerting the brain to an impending threat/ challenge

Endocrine system

slow acting communication system that releases hormones into the bloodstream and help regulate stress response

What happens in the body when stress activates the hypothalamus?

signlas the pituitary to release ACTH, which travels to the adrenal glands loacted above the kidneys

What do adrenal glands release during stress and why?

adrenal medulla release epinephrine and norepinephrine - triggers the fight or flight response and last longer than SNS response

Sympathy- adreno- medullary (SAM) axis

rapid acting response to stress, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla, fight or flight - women more likely to tend and befriend

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis

body’s delayed response to stress - secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

Corticotropin- Releasing Hormone (CRH)

Stimulates production of ACTH by pituitary gland, which activates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids

Ecological Momentary Asessments (EMA)

repeated sampling of peoples behaviors and experiences in real time and in their natural environments

Cardiovascular Reactivity (CVR)

individuals characterisits reaction to stress, including changes in heart rate, blood pressure and hormones

Reactivity Hypothesis

hypothesis that individuals who show large changes in blood pressure and vascualr resistance to stress have increased risk of developing heart disease

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA)

how the interval between heartbeat synchronizes with breathing and is shorter when we inhale than we we exhale - High RSA = better emotinal well being

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

field of research that emphasizes the interaction of psychological, neural and immunological process in stress and illness

Allostatic Load

cumulative long term effects of the body's physiological response to stress

Glucocorticoid receptor resistance model (GCR)

chronic stress interfers with the body’s ability to regualte the inflammatory response

General Adaptive Syndrome (GAS)

Selye’s term for the bodys reaction to stress, which consists of three stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Transactional Model

experience of stress depends as much on the individuals cognitive appraisal of a potential stressors impact as it does on the event or situation itself - environmental events + peopls behaviors =

Primary appraisal

person’s intial determination of events meaning, whether irrelevant, benign- postive, or threatening (is this situation going to mean trouble for me?)

Secondary appraisal

assess our coping abilities to determine whether they will be adequate to meet the challenges or avoid the potential harm (what can I do to cope with this situation?)

Diathesis- stress model

two interacting factors determine an individuals susceptibility to stress and illness: like predisposing factor: genetic or precipitating factor: environmental

Reactivity

our physiological reaction to stress, which varies by indivdual and affects our vulnerability to illness

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) serves as an example of:

Diathesis stress model

diagnosed with hypocortisolism? what stage of HAn Selyes general adaptation synodroms is she most likely experiencing?

exhaustion

The ___ model of stress challenges the belief that the mind and the body are independent systems that have no influence of one another

Psychoneuroimmunology

Causes physiological changes, such as changes in heart rate and blood pressure, that individuals experience in response to stress?

activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Prolonged stress resulting in prolonged high cortisol levels may lead to damage or a trophy in the ___ area of the brain

Hippocampal

Hormone cortisol sends a message to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to suppress the release of:

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

The region of the brain that MOST directly controls the stress response is the:

hypothalamus

An event or a situation that triggers coping adjustmens in a person is reffered to as:

stressor

engagement

apprach coping- taking action and confronting a source of stress

disengagement

avoidance coping- distancing oneself from a stressful situation

problem focused coping

dealing directly with stressful situation, either by reducing its demands or by increasing our capacity to deal with the stressor

emotion focused coping

coping strategy in which we try to control our emotional response to a stressor

Emotional Approach Coping (EAC)

process of working through, clarifying and understanding the motions triggered by a stressor

Rumination

repetitive focusing on the causes, meanings and consequences of stressful experiences

emotional cascade

becoming so focused on an upsetting event that one gets worked into an intense, painful state of negative emotions

Repressive coping

avoidance coping style in which the person inhibits or avoids information and emotional responses

Psychological control

belief that we make our own decisions an determine what we do and what others do to us

Regulatory control

capacity to modulate thoughts, emotions and behaviors - part of everday life

resilience

quality that allows some people to bounce back from difficult events that might otherwise disrupt their well-being

Buffering hypothesis

social support mitigates stress indirectly by helping us cope more effectively

Direct effect hypothesis

social support enhances the body’s physcial responses to challenging situations

matching hypothesis

social support is beneficial to the extent that it meets an individual’s specific needs

Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR)

form of therapy that focuses on using structured meditation to promote mindfulness- a moment to moment, nonjudgmental awareness

Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM)

multimodal intervention that combines relaxation, training, reinforcment, etc to help people cope with a range of stressors

Stress inoculation training

three stage process - identify stressors in their lives and learn skills for coping with them so that when those stressors occus, the people are able to put those skills into effect

Meaning focused coping

find meaning in a stressful situation rather than trying to change the situation

Noncommunicable Disease (NCD)

noninfectious disease; one that is nontransmissible

Communicable Disease (CD)

Caused by infections, disease that is transmitted from a human to another human, from a human to an animal or from animal to a human

Epidemiological transition

shift in disease pattern of a population as mortality falls: acute, infectious disease are reduced, while chronic, noncommunicable diseases increase in prevalence

Antimicrobial resistance

ability of bacteria, viruses, other microbes to mutate and resist the effect of drugs

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

infections that are spread primarily through person to person sexual contact

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

virus that infects cells of the immune system, destroying or impairing their function : STI, contact with blood, mother to child transmission

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

advanced stages of HIV - T cells count less than 200 - HIV related cancers that take advantage of a weakened immune system, life threatening disease,

Kaposi’s sarcoma

rare cancer of the blood vessels that serve the skin, mucous membranes and other glands in the body

retrovirus

a virus that copies its genetic information onto the DNA of a host cell

dynamic tailoring

delivery of individualized and targeted health messages over multiple periods of time

eHealth literacy

how well a personm navigates, understands and uses electronic health information

Most massive community wide acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) prevention program was implemented in 1982:

San Francisco

Study of young sexually active African American feamles found that ___ was the strongest predictor of condom use

partner communication

research has shown a strong association between ___ and the prevalence of high risk sexual behaviors

poor social skills

___ theory has served as the framework for a number of psychosocial HIV/AIDS interventions

social-cognitive

___ is related to good health, whereas ___ is likely to be effective

self-efficacy; wishful thinking

___ was the actual cause of death in 60% of people with acquired immunodeficiency syndroms (AIDS)

pneumonia

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) injects a copy of its ____ into the DNA of the host cell

genome

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys a type of lymphocytes called the

T cell

Worldwide, roughly what percent of people living with HIV/ AIDS do not know they are infected?

30%

what type of sexually transmitted infection (STI) has no cure?

genital herpes

___ transmission of HIV through vaginal intercourse is far more common than ___ transmission

male to female ; female to male

the use of ___ has been identified as the single most important factor in the developement of antimicrobial resistance

antibiotics

___ was the first effective drug to treat HIV

AZT

example of meaning focused coping

what can I learn from this?

using breathing exercises while anxiously sitting in doctors office, which stage of stress inoculation is she in?

follow through

Cognitive behavioral therapy is based on the view that our ____ determine our stress level

thoughts

purpose of mindfulness based stress reduction is to become aware of and focus on:

present moment

Situations in which social support is considered unhelpful include all of these EXCEPT when:

the support isn’t asked for

___ is the ability to bounce back from stressful experiences and to adapt flexibly to changing environmental demands

resilience