1771-1791: American revolution.

Washington

________ sent regular troops to strengthen patriots, and Yankee militias repulsed British attacks near Saratoga.

George Washington

________, Commander- in- Chief of continental army, rightly believed New York to be key British target (supplied rebels in north with men and equipment) and decided to defend it with 18, 000 men.

Loyalists

________ were often the holders of official positions, or members of Puritan religious groups, such as the pacifist Quakers.

Muskets

________ were accurate to about 70 metres but were cumbersome to carry, having a four foot long barrel, with a bayonet fixed to the end.

Jamestown

In ________, Virginia, many settlers died during the first winter.

British artillery guns

________ fired either cannon- balls at distance or grape- shot at close range.

Puritan

________: a form of Protestantism which seeks to purify and simplify church ritual and ceremony and which emphasises the importance of preaching.

Republic

________: a system of government where the people, not monarchs, are sovereign.

General Howe

In late 1776 ________ attacked with 30, 000 men- Washington's army performed badly and forced to retreat.

Virginia

________ got its first shipment of 20 slaves in 1619.

Chief Pontiac

________ led a federation of tribes in a new war in 1763 aimed at winning the return of more friendly French settlers- defeated by British who decided on "Proclamation Line "along Appalachians beyond which no colonial settlement allowed until more effective policy on Indigenous matters.

Currency Act

________, later in 1764- prevented Americans producing their own paper money and prohibited use of colonial bills of credit, adding burden to colonial economy.

Trenton

In December 1776 Washing made a surprise attack on Hessian troops at ________, New Jersey.

Pacifist

________: peace- loving, disapproving of war.

British

On December 4th, 1783, ________ evacuated New York, last foothold on their former colonies, though they kept control of the area around the great lakes.

Executive

________: the decision- making power in government which ________ policy.

Quaker

________: A Puritan sect with an emphasis on simplicity of dress and speech, and on peaceful behaviour.

Indigenous Americans

________ taught settlers how to grow and cook certain foods.

Royal Navy Lieutenant William Duddingston

________ was dedicated to catching smugglers near Rhode Island.

Continental Congress

The ________ was assuming the functions of an executive governing body.

Infantrymen

________ made up the bulk of the continental army.

South Carolina

There were many slaves on plantations in the South (in ________ there were about 3 Africans to every European person)

House of Burgesses

In May 1765, Virginia's ________ announced it had "sole and exclusive rights and power to lay taxes on the inhabitants of this colony, "who were moreover "not bound to obedience to any law from Parliament.

Stamp tax

________ imposed on all newspapers, advertisements, and other publications, so affected tradesmen, lawyers, clergy, journalists (all influential and outspoken colonials)

night of June

On the ________ 16th, 1775, a detachment of 1, 600 Americans occupied the two hills on the Charleston Peninsula opposite Boston.

Stamp Act Congress

________ held in October in New York City, where resolutions were adopted, removing British Parliament's right to tax colonies without their own consent- the 27 delegates said "Stamp Act had a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonists.

British tighten

________ control of colonial trade and increased colonial taxation- meant increase in power of central administrations in colonies and decrease in power of colonial assemblies.

Britain

Seven years war: war between ________ and France over colonial expansion in North America.

Settler life

who lived there, how did they live, etc

Other restrictive measures

Billeting and "Proclamation Line" and Colonial reaction

Case studies

The Boston Massacre 1770 and The Boston Tea Party 1773

The War itself

Major battles and turning points

D. The Aftermath

Consolidating the Revolution (1783-1791)

The English settlers had emigrated to North America for many different reasons

some went to seek religious freedom

The colonies were unified by

allegiance to George III, common language, the British Constitution

There were many differences between the colonies

Puritans vs Catholics, Scots + Irish vs English, North (wealthy, industry) vs South (agriculture, slave labour)

The English Colonists

Book Notes

Indigenous Americans

friend or foe

The British tried to stop westward migration by colonists which had resulted in expensive and bloody Indigeinois wars

ruled that all land west of the Appalachian mountains was Indigenous reserve and refused further colonial land claims in the region

Chief Pontiac led a federation of tribes in a new war in 1763 aimed at winning the return of more friendly French settlers

defeated by British who decided on "Proclamation Line" along Appalachians beyond which no colonial settlement allowed until more effective policy on Indigenous matters

British tighten control of colonial trade and increased colonial taxation

meant increase in power of central administrations in colonies and decrease in power of colonial assemblies

Also constitutional grounds for discontent

Revenue Act of 1764 meant the British could tax colonies to "improve the revenue of the kingdom"

Merchants, lawyers, and local government authorities protested against this law

the concept of "no taxation without representation" raised

Currency Act, later in 1764

prevented Americans producing their own paper money and prohibited use of colonial bills of credit, adding burden to colonial economy

Billeting Act, early in 1765

required colonies which had British troops garrisoned in them to help with upkeep and housing

Stamp Act Congress held in October in New York City, where resolutions were adopted, removing British Parliament's right to tax colonies without their own consent

the 27 delegates said "Stamp Act had a manifest tendency to subvert the rights and liberties of the colonists"

Case studies

The Boston Massacre 1770 and The Boston Tea Party 1773

This meant that he would be unable to refloat it until high tide

at midnight

Shaping for war

The two sides

But it was too late

at the same time this message was received, the first shots were being fired in Boston

As the troops departed, two lanterns in the bell tower of the Old North Church gave the message to the minutemen

one of them, Paul Revere, rode through the night Lexingston, a small town en route to Concord, warning the locals that the Redcoats were coming, When the British reached Lexington, they exchanged shots with militiamen on the village common

Holding 13 disparate colonies together to fight what promised to be a lengthy war would be difficult

they needed a focus for unity

Jefferson's highest ideal is summed up in the famous second article of the declaration

"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable Rights; that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness."

The War itself

Major battles and turning points

In late 1776 General Howe attacked with 30,000 men

Washington's army performed badly and forced to retreat

Washington cut off

he spent his winter at Valley Forge

But Americans and French secretly moved troops 400 miles down Chesapeake Bay coast

combined armies totalled 16,000 men, twice as many as Cornwallis had

American and French trapped Corneallis in Yorktown and bombarded town with cannons for over a month, On October 19th, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered

military phase of American revolution over

Puritan

a form of Protestantism which seeks to purify and simplify church ritual and ceremony and which emphasises the importance of preaching

Quaker

A Puritan sect with an emphasis on simplicity of dress and speech, and on peaceful behaviour

Seven years war

war between Britain and France over colonial expansion in North America

Boycott

in this case a refusal to purchase British goods in order to show disapproval of British policy

Pacifist

peace-loving, disapproving of war

Cessation

stopping, ending

Executive

the decision-making power in government which executes policy

Republic

a system of government where the people, not monarchs, are sovereign

Ideological

to do with ideas, theories