Pearson Forensics Unit 1

Mathieu Orfilia

Father or forensic toxicology

Alphonse Bertillon

first scientific system of personal identification

Francis Galton

the study of fingerprints and their classification

Leone Lattes

developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains

Calvin Goddard

comparison microscope used to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet

Albert Osborn

developed the fundamental principles of document examination

Walter McCrone

utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence

Hans Gross

wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation

Edmond Locard

incorporated Gross' principles within a workable crime laboratory

Locard's Exchange Principle

states that when a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs

number of public crime laboratories at various levels of the government

400

The technical support provided by crime laboratories can be assigned to ___ basic services

5

Physical Science Unit

incorporates the principles of chemistry, physics, and geology to identify and compare physical evidence

Biology Unit

applies the knowledge of biological sciences in order to investigate blood samples, body fluids, hair, and fiber samples

Firearms Unit

investigates discharged bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells, and ammunition

Document Examination Unit

studies the handwriting and typewriting on questioned documents to ascertain authenticity and/or source

Photograph Unit

applies specialized photographic techniques for recording and examining physical evidence

Toxicology Unit (optional)

examines body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and poisons

Latent Fingerprint Unit (optional)

processes and examines evidence for latent fingerprints

Polygraph Unit (optional service)

conducts polygraph or lie detector tests

Frye

not absolute

Evidence Technician

person who is responsible for identifying, documenting, collecting and preserving items of evidentiary

Analyzing physical evidence requires use of the ______________ method.

Scientific

what skills should a forensic scientist have

applying the principles and techniques of physical and natural sciences to the analysis of many types of evidence that may be recovered during a criminal investigation

True or False: A forensic scientist may also provide an expert court testimony

True.

Expert Witness

an individual whom the court determines to possess knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average person

True or False: An expert witness has specialized training.

True

Frye Case:

"generally accepted"

Frye Case Description

held that scientific evidence could be admitted in court and that it was up to the jury to decide if it was credible

Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

NOT an absolute prerequisite to the to the admissability of scientific evidence

Trial Judges

gatekeepers

forensic phychiatry

examines the relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings

Forensic Odontology

Studying the remains of teeth and dental work for evidence to identify the victim or suspect

Forensic Engineering

the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing personal injury or damage to property

Khumo Tire CO. v. Carmichael

Judge is gatekeeper of technical evidence

In the Daubert case, one guideline of the outcome was...

Weather the scientific theory or method has attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant community

who is on 24 hour call in crime laboratories

evidence technicians

The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States​ is:

that of the Los Angeles Police Department

In 1993 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the Frye v. United States precedent is an absolute prerequisite to the admissibility of scientific evidence.

False

What​ factor(s) do(es) the court usually take into consideration as sufficient grounds for qualification as an expert​ witness?

experience, training, education

The ten sections of the American Academy of Forensic Science include all of the following​ EXCEPT:

Arson and explosives

Which of the following are basic services provided by a​ full-service crime​ laboratory?

Document Examination Unit

Which of the following individuals was a police​ officer?

Alphonse Bertillion

The Federal Rule of Evidence that deals with the admissibility of expert testimony​ is:

Rule 702

What is the LEAST important consideration in the gathering of evidence at a crime​ scene?

guilt or innocence of the suspects

The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States is that of​ the:

Los Angeles Police Department

The scientific method requires that scientific evidence be validated​ by:

formulating pertinent questions, formulating hypotheticals, and

performing experiments

Which of the following are included in the work of the biology unit of a crime​ lab?

DNA Profiling

Impressions evidence is most commonly found in cases​ involving:

Burglary

What is the major problem facing the forensic DNA​ community?

backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples

Who established the first workable crime​ laboratory?

Locard

Which of the following is a recognized discipline of forensic​ science?

Anthropology

Forensic science is defined as​ "the application of science to criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice​ system."

True

Who developed the system known as​ anthropometry?

Bertillon

Only individuals who have accredited professional credentials from recognized university or medical programs are allowed to testify in court as expert witnesses.

False

Who wrote the first treatise describing the application of science to the field of criminal​ investigation?

Gross

The standard guideline for determining the judicial admissibility of scientific examination stemmed from which court​ ruling?

Frye vs. United States

A crime scene which involved the collapse of a structure would be analyzed by specialists in the area​ of:

Forensic Engineering

The case of Coppolino v. State highlights issues dealing​ with:

The acceptability of new scientific tests

Which unit is responsible for examining body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs and​ poisons?

toxicology unit

The wide variation in which services are offered in different crime laboratories is due​ to:

staff limits and variations in local laws

Which of the following acts is governed by criminal​ law?

stand trial for burglary