Cardiovascular

1/4

fraction of americans that develop cardiovascular disease

1/3, 13

fraction of dogs that have some form of heart disease by what age

without

does cardiovascular disease come with or without obvious symptoms prior to becoming a severe problem

blood

the main function of the cardiovascular system is to continuously transport what throughout the body

nutrient

systemic, pulmonary

2 divisions of cardiovascular system

unidirectional

is blood flow unidirectional or bidirectional

yes

does the cardiovascular system have the capacity to adjust its outflow to meet the demands of the tissues

cardiac output

what is the key measure of cardiac performance

cardiac output

term for volume of blood pumped per unit time

5 L/min

human cardiac output

2.5 L/min

dog cardiac output

systemic

what cardiovascular system division goes to tissues

pulmonary

what cardiovascular system division goes to the heart and lungs

heart rate x stroke volume

cardiac output formula

hormone delivery, heat regulation

2 functions of the cardiovascular system besides distribute blood around the body

pump, distribution system, exchange region, collection system

each cardiovascular system division consists of what 4 functional components

pump

what component of the cardiovascular system consists of left and right ventricles

distribution system

what component of the cardiovascular system consists of arterial tree with systemic and pulmonary arteries

exchange region

what component of the cardiovascular system consists of systemic and pulmonary capillaries

collection system

what component of the cardiovascular system consists of a venous tree and atria during ventricular systole

pressure

the heart produces what energy for blood to flow through the cardiovascular system

pressure gradient

what causes blood to flow

high to low

does pressure flow from high or low pressure to high or low pressure

120/80

normal human blood pressure

90

normal human blood mmHg

one

the heart is anatomically how many structures

2,

the heart is physiologically how many pumps

atrium, ventricle

the heart is physiologically 2 separate pumps, and each pump consists of what 2 things

valves

unidirectional blood flow is maintained by what

mitral, tricuspid

2 valves of ventricular input that prevent backflow into atria and venous systems when ventricles are generating pressure (contracting)

mitral

name for left AV valve

tricuspid

name for right AV valve

aortic, pulmonic

2 valves of ventricular output that prevent backflow of high pressure aortic and pulmonary trunk blood back into the relaxing ventricles

atrial

does atrial or ventricular contraction occur first

diastole

term for relaxation phase

systole

term for contraction phase

out

are atria and ventricles in or out of phase when they contract

AV

1st heart sound is which valves closing

semilunar

2nd heart sound is which valves closing

turbulent blood flow

what makes heart sounds

isovolumetric

contraction type where pressure increases but blood doesn’t move and has a constant volume

open, closed

when the ventricle is fully relaxed is the left AV valve open or closed and is the aortic semilunar valve open or closed

closed, closed

during isovolumetric contraction is the left AV valve open or closed and is the aortic semilunar valve open or closed

closed, open

when the ventricle is ejecting blood is the left AV valve open or closed and is the aortic semilunar valve open or closed

left

does the left or right pump generate higher pressure in the heart or are they the same

pressure

term for the application of force onto a surface or a unit area

flow

term for movement of a fluid down a pressure gradient

resistance

the systemic circuit has much greater what than the pulmonary circuit which makes it generate higher pressure

systemic

does the systemic or pulmonary division of the cardiovascular system have greater resistance

resistance

term for the force opposing flow

decrease

does resistance increase or decrease pressure

decrease

does pressure increase or decrease as fluid flows over distance

smaller, longer

is resistance caused by larger or smaller vessels and longer or shorter distances

5

the left ventricle can generate around ___ times greater pressure than the right ventricle

viscosity, length, diameter

3 key factors that affect resistance to flow

poiseuille’s law

law of flow

Q=(P2-P1)pier^4/8nl

poiseuille’s law equation

distribution system

what part of the cardiovascular system transports metabolic substrates to tissues and removes metabolic waste products from tissues

arteries

what supply high pressure blood flow to all major regions of the body and have robust, elastic muscular walls

arterioles

what regulate perfusion pressure to tissue capillary beds and have thick, less elastic muscular walls

arterioles

what regulate blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

arterioles regulate blood pressure through what 2 things

precapillary sphincters

what regulate blood flow through capillary beds

capillaries

exchange in the cardiovascular system occurs at the level of what

thin

are capillaries thick or thin

capillaries

what is composed of a single layer of endothelial cells with no muscular wall, with porous cell junctions

lymphatic system

what drains fluid from capillaries and collects fluid that picks up breaches in the body and white blood cells

veins

what collect blood from the capillaries and transport it back to the heart

capillaries

venules and veins collect blood from what to transport it back to the heart

veins

what serve as the blood’s reservoir system

veins

what are thin-walled, highly compliant, low-pressure vessels

veins

what provide a large blood store capacity that can be quickly recruited to the arterial side via venoconstriction

frank starling law

intrinsic cardiovascular mechanism that regulates cardiovascular system

intrinsic mechanism, autonomic nervous system, hormonal regulation

3 ways cardiovascular system is regulated

cardiovascular disease

what occurs with failure to adequately deliver nutrients and oxygen to tissues and adequately remove metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide from tissues

cardiac

are pump dysfunctions like valve failure, myocardium dysfunction, and conduction perturbations cardiac or vascular dysfunctions

vascular

are atherosclerosis, hypertension, embolisms, ischemic attacks, and hemorrhage cardiac or vascular dysfunction

ischemia

term for inadequate blood flow to tissues and increased waste in tissues

perfusion

another term for blood flow

valve

a dysfunction of what in the hear leads to blood flow no longer being unidirectional

heart murmur

what is a common cardiac sign indicating improper unidirectional flow

flow

term for the volume of blood that moves past a particular point in the cardiovascular system at a given time

flow rate

what is determined by the pressure pushing the liquid and resistance in the system

same

does the left or the right side of the heart pump the most blood or is it the same

blood pressure

what is the measurement of the cardiac force being generated to cause the blood to flow

pressure gradient

the rate of flow is proportional to what between 2 points

flow=pressure gradient/resistance

simplified poiseuille’s law

93

average human aortic blood pressure

2

average human vena cava blood pressure

91

average human pressure gradient driving force

diastole, systole

the heart spends 2/3 of the time in what and 1/3 of the time in what

length

what frictional force that impedes blood flow changes little

viscosity

what frictional force that impedes blood flow is relatively constant but can become a pathological issue

diameter

what frictional force that impedes blood flow is the greatest determinant of flow and is the primary regulator of cardiovascular resistance

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

blood pressure and tissue perfusion is primarily regulated by what 2 things

16, 16

doubling vessel diameter increases flow ___ fold, and halving vessel diameter decreases flow ___ fold

sphygmomanometer

device that measured blood pressure

hematocrit

viscosity is relatively constant but is influenced by what

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

outer to inner layers of the heart