APUSH Unit 7

Imperialism

the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and/or military control over “weaker” territories.

American imperialism/expansionism

three factors motivated ______ _________.

\-Economic competition with other industrial nations

\-Political and military competition

\-The belief in Anglo-Saxon racial and cultural superiority(white man’s burden)

Economic reasons for expansionism

The US needed raw materials to fuel industrialization and markets to sell goods. OVERPRODUCTION(most important): the US made more goods and services than it could consume. How to get rid of that excess?

Solution-trade with people in other (nonindustrial) countries.

Called trade but really only one-sided, the US benefited much more.

Political and Military superiority

Politcal and military power are evidence of a nations status in the world. (having more control over others= more power). Having a strong military protects you from being the victim of imperialism.

\-US built up it’s navy to ensure shipping lanes for trade and to establish refueling stations.

\-The great white fleet

1907-1909; 20 port calls

The Great White Fleet

A group of white painted ships that were paraded around the world from 1907-1909 which made 20 port stops in order to prove to the world america’s naval dominance.

Anglo Saxon Cultural superiority

it was believed that white (Western European) culture was superior. And so it was the duty of the US to spread Christianity, democracy, education, technology, and law to the worlds “uncivilized” peoples. Based mainly on skin complexion.

Bayonet Constitution

After the US began to assert more control over Hawaii, the midway point between them and china and supplying the united states with a lot of their sugar, King Kalakaua was forced to give voting rights to rich american landowners who were NOT Hawaiian citizens as the americans wanted to control the government.

Reciprocity Treaty 1875

Stopped any taxes on the importation of Hawaiian sugar

McKinley Treaty 1890

Eliminates the reciprocity treaty and sets the tariff on sugar to 2 cents per pound. When selling thousands of pounds of sugar this turned out to be a lot of money. This would lead to the push to annex Hawaii.

Queen Liliuokalani

The last queen of Hawaii. She took the thrown when her brother died in 1891. She disapproved of the Hawaiian relationship with the Americans. She wanted to reestablish voting rights to the Hawaiian people and end white influence in the government. Her view points would eventually lead to her overthrow by the US military.

Sanford B Dole

After the united states ran a military overthrow of the Hawaiian government, they instated him as president. A wealthy business man, but a person who did not have much political experience.

Jose Marti

Cuban nationalist that started the freedom campaign against Spain in 1895. They started to destroy Spanish property including sugar plantations which made Cuba a LOT of money.

General Valeriano Weyler

A spanish general who was sent to Cuba to restore order and colonial leadership during the cuban push for independence. His methods of resorting order would put all rural Cubans (whether or not they committed any crimes) into what we know as concentration camps killing 400,000 people.

American perspectives on cuba

American businessmen wanted the US to support spain to protect it’s business interests. (sugar plantation (could access cuban goods through Spain) coal mines, tobacco plantations). American citizens on the other hand tended to side with the cuban rebels because the movement reminded them of their own fight for independence. The government would eventually follow the president of the monroe doctrine.

De Lome Letter

A letter written from the Spanish government to McKinley that was leaked to the press. Called the president weak, low, war hungry and siding with the rebels. This deeply offended the american nation and with the help of yellow journalism the story received lots of coverage.

Yellow journalism

journalism that features reporting that exaggerates the news to lure readers and sway their opinion. For instance, William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

U.S.S Maine

An explosion on the ship (which was going to protect business interests with spain) sends it into flames, 260 americans are killed. Hearst provides the reality that spain was responsible for the deaths of the americans, while in reality, it was confirmed that the blast came from inside the ship.

Teller Amendment

An amendment created just before the war started with the spanish. Stated that once peace was restored in cuba, Cubans would be independent and able to control their own government.

Spanish American War

April 25th, 1898, Spain declares war. The US has a great Navy, but an inadequate army. They send the soldiers to Cuba wearing wool uniforms and there were not enough men and weapons. The war onlu lasted 16 weeks because spain did not have enough money or resources to continue. 5,400 of the 300,000 die, only 379 from fighting. Roosevelt created a regiment called the rough riders as he was not allowed to go with the american military. They were able to fight with the Americans and the cubans and win many battles.

Treaty of Paris 1898

Cubans are not allowed to attend these peace talks. Cuba would become independent. Spain would give Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam to the U.S. The U.S would additionally pay 20 million for the annexation of the Philippines. The US officially asserts their dominance over the western Hemisphere and is the turning point for them becoming an imperialistic nation.

Platt Amendment

Replaces the Teller amendment. The US insists to add it to their consitution as a favor for all their help. Decalres that

\-Cuba cannot make treaties that may limit it’s independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory

\-The US can intervene to preserve independence and or maintain order when they see fit

\-cuba cannot go into debt (especially with other European powers)

\-The US can buy or lease cuban land for navy (guantanamo Bay)

Protectorate (cuba)

Cuba remained independent, but was diplomatically and militarily protected by the US.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

The united states would intervene on behalf of european powers seeking debt repayments from Latin America (may have the right to militarily intervene on behalf of Latin america). An addition to the Monroe doctrine.

Allied powers

united kingdom, france, italy, russia (italy switched sides)

Central powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

US Neutrality

Wilson campaigned for reelection in 1916 on the slogan that he will keep the united states out of war. Also, the US had gone through a period of unprecedented immigration and worried that immigrants who were loyal to their home countries would be upset if they allied with the other side. Many opposed war/taking sides. Socialists, progressives and many industrialists did not want the war. Industrialists saw that they could lose trade if they became enemies. But, Wilson did want a managing role in the peace talks.

US Trade

Although the united wanted to stay neutral, the british put up a blockade so the americans had trouble trading the germany This caused many german people to die of starvation. Trade with the allies was 2.5 billion and trade with germany was only 56 million.

U-Boats

The germans strength during WWI. They were able to sink cargo ships in british waters. 75,000 people (mainly civilians) would die in warfare.

Lusitania

A british liner sunk by a german torpedo from a U-boat. Almost 2,000 people die (128 being americans). This results in Wilson to confirm neutrality and their right to trade and open seas, and the arabic and sussex pledges would be passed. Wilson also quietly endorses the military (1 million dollars put into it)

Arabic Pledge

you have to warn boats before you attack them. (between US and germany). Germany agrees. Would give the boats the chance to communicate before they were sunk.

Sussex Pledge

After the arabic pledge didnt really work, America reafirms and says you can’t sink any vessle that just has passengers on it and helps to step unrestricted warfare and germany agrees.

Push factors to US joining the war

Lusitiania/unrestricted warfare/zimmerman telegram/russian revolution.

Russian Revolution

February-march 1917. The czar overthrown and a pseudo-democracy was put in its place. Communist Revolution October, 1917. Bolsheviks lead under Lenin. Russia is officially out of the war. Germany can then move their forces instead of dividing them on their fronts. A big reason why the US enters the war.

Propaganda

George Creel: united states committee on public information. they use 4 minute men in order to spread propaganda to mobilize and help the war effort.

George Creel

Part of the United States Committee on Public Information. One of the main people who would create and spread propaganda to mobilize during the war.

4 minute men

75,000 civilians who gave approximately 314 million speeches four minutes in length to garner support for the war effort. Would be given before movies, in public spaces, and in front of any crowd.

Selective Service Act

Before America commits to the war, we had 200k men, outdated weapons, 55 planes with 150 pilots. After war was declared, 24,000,000 register under SSA, 2,00,000 of those reach europe. The act said that anyone over 18 who was able must enlist and they may be drafted.

War industries board

directed military production. Helped to convert factories. The industrial side of helping the war effort.

National War Labor Board

In an effort to get people to keep their jobs in converted factories, they ensured an 8 hour work day, time and a half overtime pay, and equal pay for women. Many of these progressive changes would continue after the war.

Food and Fuel Administration

Encouraged farmers to grow more food to support the people of america, the soldiers, and the allies. Asked citizens to partake in part by refraining from eating certain products and suggested people to ration. Wheat less Wednesdays and Meatless days.

Espionage Act

10,000 dollar fine and 20 years in prison to anyone who helps the enemy, hurts recruitment, or causes disloyalty in the army.

Sedition Amendment to the Espionage Act

same penalties, but this time for disloyal or abusive language against our government, constitution, flag, or uniforms of our army or navy. Both of these acts show how during wartime, rights can be taken away.

Wilson’s 14 points

1-public diplomatic negotiations and an end to secret treaties

2-freedom of navigation on the seas

3- free trade among nations

4- reduction of armaments to the level needed for domestic safety

5- fair resolution of colonial claims that arose because of the war

6- evacuation of Russia and restoration of its conquered territories

7-preservation of Belgian society

8- restoration of france’s territory, including Alsace-Lorraine

9-redrawing Italy’s borders according to nationalities

10- devide up Austria-hunary according to nationalities

11- redraw the borders of the Balkan states according to nationalities

12- self-determination for trucks and the other nationalities under Turkish rule

13- creation of an independent Polish nation

14- creation of a league of nations.

Congress did not accept the league of nations and the points set up the playing field for WWII.

Military changes

limited German army to 100,000 men with no tanks or heavy artillery. Limited the German navy to 15,000 men. Banned Germany from having an Airforce.

Territory Changes

required Germany to cede land to France, Denmark, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Belgium. Required Germany to surrender all of it’s colonial ties to the control of the league of nations. Germany and Austria were prohibited from uniting.

War Guilt Provisions

Had Germany solely responsible for all the losses and damages suffered by the Allies during the war. Required Germany to pay reparations of 269 billion (later reduced to 139 billion) in war debt.

Establishment of the league of nations

did not initially permit Germany to join and American, although creating it, never did.

Transition from war

Many people were dealing with the Spanish Flu, many returned home to lack of jobs after people came and took their jobs when they transitioned to help the war effort, there was no treatment for shell shock and not much support for any mental and physical injures and many did not receive stipends or any money to help the transition from the war to everyday life that had drastically changed while they were at war.

Dichotomies

a time period of extremes of either one side or another. In the 1920s, people were either on one extreme or on the other.

Installment/Credit

A type of buying (similar to credit cards) that gave all walks of people in the 1920s the chance to experience consumer culture. Worked by buying now and playing later. It would be a big reason that american went into a depression as people could not pay back for what they bought. When companies began to struggle and went under, people had a lot of debt and no wat to pay it off.

Over production

one of the causes of the great depression. Framers doing this caused farm prices to plummet.This meant that famers did not experince the roaring 20s. Farmers took out loans for new machinery and more land when food prices were at a high following WWI. When the food prices fell, farmers could not repay their loans. This impacted banks. Also industrial businesses also did this which drove down prices making business unstable.

Distribution of Wealth

During the presidencies of Harding and Coolidge in the twenties, the secretary of treasury was Andrew Melon who was one of the richest men in america which meant that he let many businesses get away with what they wanted. Despite wage increases, income distribution was very unequal. (started in the 1890s). The top 1% had incomes 650% higher than the bottom 10%. Everyone was spending money regardless of income in large amounts by using credit.

The Melon Plan

introduced a general reduction of income taxes that really turned to from 50% to 25% for the rich and 4% to 3% from the lowest income group. This meant that people making already large income accumulated mass amounts of money.

Unequal distribution of corporate power/limited business

1870s onward large businesses consolidated and merged as during the war, it was more efficiency to combine and post war efforts didn’t break them apart. So, when one went down, so did that entire part of the industry leaving gaps in the economy. In 1929, 200 corporations controlled 50% of the corporate wealth. This means that if just a few of them went under, the impact on the economy would be catastrophic.

Stock Market Crashed and Banks Fail

On Oct. 29th, 1929 the stock market crashed. There was a rummor of a crash so people started to mass pull thier moeny out of the stock market. Another problem is that stocks were bought on credit so everyone was in debt. This made market prices artifially high, so when prices began to fall people went and got whatever they could out of the market. Took a hit as many people could not pay back the loans they took out to buy stock. If the stock market crash hadn’t been so bad, the depression may not have been as bad as it was.

labor rights shift

A change in rights of labor workers due to the effect of the war: the increase of cut pays, worse working conditions, and an increase of strikes against employers.

Race riots

As African Americans came home from World War I, they met increasing violence from White Americans that culminated in brutal race riots that resulted in several deaths and the destruction of African American towns. A few locations of such race riots are Tulsa, Chicago, and St. Louis.

changes for women

Women underwent large changes through aspects like the right to vote and more freedom in social life. (Flappers, vamps, revolution in fashion, and style, behavior)

immigrants/nativism

Pre and Post WWI, there was a great amount of immigrants flooding into the United States; but due to the effects of the war and the happenings that occurred, Catholics and Jews were targeted by Nativists, believing that immigrants were to be blamed for America's "moral decline".

prohibition

A largely ignored amendment to the constitution that said alcohol could no longer be made or sold in the united states that led to the creation of private illegal drinking bars and debates between the wet and dry of America leading it to eventually being redacted.

Red Scare

The Nativist Movement brought on by fear of socialist ideology brought by Russian immigrants.

Harlem

Harlem: A location in New York that was held as a promised land by Black Americans filled with many diverse cultures tied to their own genetic roots. (Impact on literature, music, etc)

teapot dome scandal

The Teapot Dome Scandal occurred when the government illegally leased out oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming to private companies. This example of corruption led to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, to be convicted and arrested for taking bribes.

Marcus Garvey and Pan Africanism

Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican activist who inspired a form of a black nationalist movement in which he encouraged blacks to be proud of their culture and identity. His movement was centered around Harlem in which African-Americans enjoyed large economic and cultural success.

Ku Klux Klan

During the 1920s membership soared up to 4 million; and targeted black people, Jews, and Catholics. They would carry out lynchings and use fear tactics; and would gain political control due to their expansive distribution-- as many "good Southerners" were apart of the Klan. They would eventually look to Northern states to gain membership.

Dollar Diplomacy

A tactic used by the United States to indirectly seize control of the territory by loaning money, racking up interest, and then employing military occupation in the countries to ensure loan repayment which occurred in countries like Haiti.

evolution debate

Societal tension in which modern scientific discoveries clashed with religious beliefs, which would cause a divide in the people for which side they believed in. (Theory of Evolution being taught in schools-Scopes Trial)

Rugged Individualism

the idea created by Hoover during his presidency that said that Americans are strong and can withhold anything that comes their way. Everyone needs to stand on their own two feet and persevere. This meant very little government intervention during Hoover’s presidency.

Public works project

One of the iniatives Hoover took during the election year to hopefully get re-elected. This would create the Boulder Dam (eventually renamed the Hoover dam) that would employee 21 thousand people.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

Would provide loans to businesses, but many of the businesses that were still surviving at this time were doing relatively well so it was too little too late for the company.

Bonus Army

Group of WWI veterens who marches to Washington DC to collect a bonus they were promised during the war( Not supposed to be collected until 1945 but they needed it now). Hoover would call the army to kick the vets out of washington. This was met with major discontent from voters.

Hoovervilles

Small shanty towns that were created during the great depression. Many were located around industrial areas as people would line up each morning trying to get work.

Election of 1932

The election that overwhelmingly voted Franklin Delano Roosevelt into office. His election would change the shape of the democratic party and left a big footprint on foreign and domestic policies.

FDR’s goals

Relief: from the pain of the depression (short term, helped the people now), Recovery: economic recovery (short/long term, to help the economy/businesses/industries) and Reform: Make sure that this never happens again (Long term-legislation, changes, shifts).

Brain Trust

Goal was to create the legislation aasociated with FDR’s 100 days. This would bring experts of certain things in to help FDR create legislation to benefit the country.

Bank holiday

March 5th, 1933. Would create a 4 dy suspension of banking services. Designed to give the banks time to regroup and reassess in a time of things like bank runs.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

Enacted March 9th, 1933. Would check the finances of all the remaining banks. The strong banks would reopen and the weak ones would stay closed for longer.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

Creates the FDIC and prevents banks from investing deposits in the stock market-cannot be a commercial bank and investment bank. (would be repealed in 1999)

FDIC-Federal Deposit Insurance Company

Created to reassure depositors that their money is safe in banks. Today, deposits are insured by the government up to 250,000. (so if the banks fail again, that is how much will be ensured you can withdrawal).

SEC-Securities and exchange commission

Created to monitor and regulate the stock market to prevent rampant speculation (use of credit causing inflation) in the future.

Fireside chats

radio broadcasts done by president Roosevelt to mend the nations trust and relationship with the president. This was done to calm the nations fear in things like the bank crisis to help the nation understand what was happening.

John Maynard Keynes

An English economist who advocated for increased spending and lower taxes to stimulate demand for good to pull the global economy out of the depression.

America took this on by putting a little bit on money into the economy (deficit spending) in order to get a lot of money out (profit). Also, they gave people jobs so that they would have money to spend…spurs economic growth.

Works Progress administration

a relief action. Employed 8.5 million people from 1935-1943. Employed more than any other New Deal program. Created 600,000 miles of roads, 125,000 buildings, and 8000 parks.

Civilian Conservation corps

A federal government program catered to relief and recovery. Would pay workers (young men 18-25) $30 a month. The workers were allowed to keep $5 and the rest was sent to the workers family.

Civil works administration and public works administration

Both federal government programs that provided jobs for unemployed people with the goals of recovery and relief.

National Recovery Act (NRA)

Authorized the president to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery. The blue eagle was their symbol. Businesses volunteered to participate. It would set the codes for fair practice. Patriotic Americans would buy from NRA members instead of non-member businesses. Part of a recovery initiative.

National housing act

A recovery act that would turn into reform. Established the Fair housing Administration. 30 year mortgage, low fixed interest rates and would create the HOLC. Housing initiatives like this would create redlining.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Federal government program provided low interest loans to individuals who culd not afford their mortgages. Created from the national housing act and was a recovery act that would turn into reform.

Social Security Act

provided pension for retired workers and their spouses and aided people with disabilities. This act also created unemployment insurance for those that lost their jobs. It also opened up jobs for younger people as retiring older people who had high-paying jobs could split that job up into multiple jobs for younger people to take.

Farm Credit administration

A federal credit organization to help farmers (is still one of the largest agricultural leaders in the US). It provided agricultural industries support when they had been struggling for a long time.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Established to control floods, improve the living standards of farmers, produce electrical power, and to encourage recreational tourism. The goal was to avoid things like the dust bowl and to allow for better farming techniques.

Wagner Act

Defined unfair labor practices and established the National Labor Relations Board to settle disputes between employers and employees. The federal government supported the right of workers to join unions and engage in collective bargaining. Was a reform act. It would be a source of controversy as industrial leaders thought the government was taking sides.

New deal public issues

Deficit spending was not popular (when the federal government spends more than it collects in taxes….leads to large national debt)

The federal government is becoming too involved in the economy.. the New Deal is starting to trend toward socialism and which was seen as “unamerican” (SOCIAList security)

Is New Deal legislation even constitutional? (expansion of presidential power)

Father Charles Coughlin

The radio priest. Controversial figure who celebrated FDR then turned against his agenda for not being radical enough. He would eventually loose his platform due to anti-semetic remarks and ideology.

Huey P. Long

The kingfish. He was an advocate for share the wealth. $5000 for every american by taxing the wealthy. he would eventually be assassinated for his viewpoints.

Francis Townsend

A retired Doctor. Called for a old age pension. Economic security for the elderly. He inspired Social security.

Schechter v. United States

A supreme court case that would be the catalyst of choosing if certain legislation of the New Deal were constitutional or not. It surrounded the idea that the federal government did not have the authority to push to such an extreme.

Court Packing

FDR, in response to push back for some of his New Deal legislation, Asked congress to increase the number on the supreme court and said that once a justice hit 70, a new justice would be chosen by the president. This would fill the court with people who were friendly to the new deal to get new legislation passed.

Interventionists

Wanted collective security, Wilsonian ideology (so having a role in the peace which means becoming involved), Business interests abroad and did not want to become like the soviet union who lost a lot of power when they withdrew.

Isolationists

Wanted disarmament as for the US to evolve into peace they had to get rid of their standing army, many were nativists who did not want to get involved with other countries, a large anti-war movement, many conservative republicans and america’s first committees like SOS who did not want foreign deaths of american people.