ap human geo unit 4 vocab

State

political unit with a permanent population and boundaries that are recognized by other states that allows for the administration of laws, collections of taxes, and provision of defense.

Nation

people who think of themselves as one based on a shared sense of culture and history, and who desire political autonomy

Nation-States

a state with a single nation

Stateless Nations

a nation who do not have their own independent state

Multinational States

a state with two or more nations (most states)

Multistate Nations

a nation living across multiple states

Autonomous Region

an area which governs itself but it not an independent country

Semiautonomous Region

an area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern

Sovereignty

final authority over a territory and the right to defend territorial integrity against incursion.

Self Determination

the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government.

Colonialism

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate people and place that creates unequal cultural and economic relations.

Imperialism

the drive towards creation and expansion of an empire and then once established, its perpetuation.

Independence Movement

an area that believes its should be its own country

Devolution

the transfer of decision-making power from a central government to a lower level

Berlin Conference

European countries met in Berlin where they redrew claims to African regions. They drew borders without concern for ethnic or linguistic boundaries resulting in conflict.

Decolonization

colonizers attempted to maintain or re-establish control over previously controlled countries.

Neo-colonialism/ Neo-Imperialism

developed and developing nations

The Cold War

a war to balance power, and it followed WWIII to deal with international issues and issues with the environment and sustainability (warsaw pact (doesn’t exist anymore), and NATO (still exists)

Authoritarian

government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, and less individual freedoms

Republic

government where power resides in a body citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected representatives responsible to them and governing according to law (US, Germany today)

Democracy

government where power resides with the majority

Shatterbelts

regions that suffer instability or is at risk of instability because it is located between two regions or opposing powers

Balkinization

fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, units along ethno-linguistic lines

Chokepoints

geographical feature (sea or land) that has significant strategic importance

Territoriality

the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

Physical Boundaries

line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction that is a vertical plane that cuts through the subsoil and extends into the airspace above and often coincides with cultural, national, or economic divisions

Cultural Boundaries

the border between two different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups

Relic Boundary

boundary that no longer exists as an international border but remnants of its existence remain on the landscape

Superimposed Boundary

boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (colonizers) and ignores existing cultural groups

Subsequent Boundary

boundary that evolved as the cultural landscape of an area takes shape and changes as cultural landscape changes

Antecedent Boundary

boundary in the natural landscape that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place as people moved in or was established before large populations existed in the area

Geometric Boundary

boundary that follows a straight line or arc

Consequent Boundary

boundaries that coincide with cultural groups

Landlocked States

a country completely surrounded by other countries, lacking direct access to an ocean or sea

Defined Boundary

the boundary is negotiated and legally described

Delimited Boundary

the boundary is drawn on a map

Demarcated Boundary

markers are placed on the ground to indicate where the border is in the landscape

Administered Boundary

the boundary is maintained

International Boundaries

establish the limits of sovereignty and can be source of disputes

Demilitarized Zone

a buffer zone created by treaties, agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary

International Agreements

establishment of formal commitments between countries on world related issues that can either encourage interactions or discourage disputes

International Sanctions

policies or actions designed to induce states to change their behavior

United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

established rights and responsibilities of states concerning ownership/usage of the seas and their resources

Territorial Sea

zone of water adjacent to a state's coast in which a state has sovereignty

Contiguous Zone

zone of water adjacent to the Territorial Sea in which a state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)

zone of water adjacent to contiguous zone in which the state has a right to explore, exploit, conserve, and manage resources

International Waters/ High Seas

beyond the EEZ all states have equal access.

Voting District

subdivision for electing members to a legislative body

Redistricting

when voting districts are redrawn due to changes in population

Gerrymandering

redistricting that gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength.

Unitary State

state that is governed as a single unit with a central, top down form of governance where local territories only have power that is granted by the central government

Federal State

state where there is a division of power between central government and local territories/provinces/states

Physical Geography

physical boundaries can cause devolution as it was historically hard for resources for states to maintain autonomy over difficult physical regions

Ethnic Separatism

mainly religion, language, or ethnicity related differences

Ethnic Cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society

Terrorism

terrorism against civilians for political reasons or gain

Irredentism

when a state wants to annex a territory whose population is ethnically similar. Usually associated with policies designed to “reclaim” areas that have been lost historically or are seen as a part of a greater ethnic or cultural nation

Basque Country

an autonomous region within Spain that is culturally distinct and diverse

Catalonia

an autonomous region within Spain.

Belgium

three autonomous regions, Flanders (Flemish/Dutch), Wallonia (French) and Brussels (Bilingual)

Nunavut

autonomous territory within Canada that is mostly occupied by Inut indigenous groups

Nigeria

extremely diverse political state within africa

Yugoslavia

broke from 1991 to 1992

USSR

dissolved in 1991

Democratization

introducing democratic systems or principles to a country

Supranationalism

organizations of three or more states that are formed for mutual benefit to promote shared goals or resolve disputes

Economics of Scale

cost advantages gained by an increased level of production

Trade Agreements

treaty between two or more states who agree on grade, tariffs, taxes and often include investment guarantees

Military Alliance

alliance between two or more states who agree on collective security and support in case of crisis

United Nations (UN)

an international organization aimed at fostering global cooperating, and maintaining peace and security among nations

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

an alliance between 12 nations to resist the spread of communism and protect against its forces

European Union (EU)

a political and economic union of 27 European countries that are committed to promoting integration and cooperation among its member states

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

a regional grouping of all 11 states in southeast Asia, which aims to promote economic and security cooperation

Arctic Council

promotes cooperation, coordination and interaction among the arctic states to resovle the issue of sustainable development and environmental protection in the artic

African Union (AU)

a continental organization aimed at promoting unity and cooperation among African nations

World Trade Organization (WTO)

an international organization that regulates trade between nations, aiming to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

an intergovernmental organization consisting of major oil-exporting countries that coordinate and unify petroleum policies among member countries

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

the trade agreement creating the free trade area between Mexico, Canada, and the United States

U.S -Mexico -Canada Agreement (USMCA)

a trade deal between the U.S, mexico and canada that aims to promote economic growth, job creation, and fair trade practices among the three countries

Failed States

states with ineffective government institutions and infrastructure

Ethnonationalism/ Ethnic Nationalist Movement

support for the political interests of a particular ethnic group, especially its national independence or self determination

Cultural Cohesion

when political states, sub-regions, etc.. experience similarities in language, religions, political ideology or other aspect of cultures