Unit 3 Anatomy Exam

What three components make up the skeletal system?

Bones, cartilage, ligaments

What are the 6 functions of the skeletal system?

Support and structure, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage

How many bones do we have as adults?

206

What is the production of new blood cells called?

Hematopoiesis

What is bone tissue called?

Osseous tissue

What category of tissue is osseous tissue?

Supportive connective tissue

What does bone as a tissue include?

Cells and ECM

What type of bone is compact bone?

Cortical bone

What type of bone is cancellous bone and trabecular bone?

Spongy bone

What is the ratio of compact and spongy bone?

It is 3/4 compact bone and 1/4 spongy bone

Compact bone is on the (inside/outside) and spongy bone is on the (inside/outside)

Compact bone is on the outside and spongy bone is on the inside

What is the main function of compact bone?

Protection

What is the main function of spongy bone?

Shock absorption

The spongy bone in flat bones is called?

Dipole

Where is bone marrow found?

In the spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone

The long shaft in the middle of long bones is called

Diaphysis

Where is the medullary cavity found?

Diaphysis

The ends of the long bone are called

Epiphysis

The space in between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the

Metaphysis

The major site of growth in bones is the

Metaphysis

The place where bones articulate with each other

Articular cartilage (joint)

Allows for blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone

Nutrient foramen

Growth plates are called

Epiphyseal plates

The layers of the bone superficial to deep are

Periosteum

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Endosteum

Medullary cavity

This layer is dense irregular connective tissue

Periosteum

The structural unit of compact bone

Osteon

The rings of osseous tissue are called

Lamellae

Lamellae around the outside of the bone under the periosteum

Circumferential lamellae

The area where blood vessels and nerves run up and down the length of the bone

Central canal

What lines the central canal?

Endosteum

True or false: There is a lot of spongy bone in the diaphysis

False, but there is a lot in the epiphysis

Slivers and spines of spongy bone

Spicules

Plates of spongy bone

Trabeculae

Are lamellae present in spongy bone?

Yes

Are central canals present in spongy bone?

No because there is plenty of room for blood vessels to run through

The reticular layer lining a lot more stuff internal in the bone

Endosteum

Where is endosteum in compact bone?

Lining marrow cavity and haversian canals

Where is endosteum in spongy bone?

Covers all surfaces (trabeculae and spicules)

Do the periosteum and endosteum both have osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteogenic cells?

Yes

What does the medullary cavity contain in long bones?

Yellow marrow

Color of bone marrow in the diaphysis of long bones in adults?

Yellow marrow

Type of bone marrow where blood cells are made

Red marrow

Are all blood cells made in red bone marrow?

Yes

Cells that differentiate into different types of blood cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

Where is red marrow in children?

Throughout the entire skeleton (anywhere there is space in a bone)

Where is red marrow in adults?

It is limited to the axial skeleton

Type of tissue is yellow marrow

Mostly adipose tissue for energy storage

The "builders of bone"

Osteoblasts

Do osteoblasts undergo mitosis?

No they are amitotic

What do osteoblasts become when they become trapped in the matrix?

Osteocytes

Are osteocytes in the endosteum and periosteum?

No

Responsible for maintaining bone matrix

Osteocytes

Are osteocytes amitotic?

Yes

What connects lacunae?

Canaliculi

Cells that are responsible for "breaking down" bone

Osteoclasts

The protein digestive enzymes secreted by osteoclasts are called

Metalloproteases

Are osteoclasts amitotic?

Yes

Where are osteoclasts?

Endosteum and periosteum

Cells that undergo mitosis to create osteoblasts

Osteogenic stem cells

What do osteoclasts come from?

WBCs called macrophages, they do not originate from osteogenic stem cells

Percent of bone tissue that is minerales

70%

Two portions of bone tissue

Ceramic inorganic portion and polymer (organic) portion

Disease that occurs when there is not enough hydroxyapatite

Rickets

Disease where bones are malformed and shatter very easy

Brittle bone disease

Tissue that forms all of the organs in the developing fetus

Mesenchyme tissue

Two types of ossification

intramembranous and endochondral

Mesenchymel tissue 1st > replaced by bone tissue

Intramembranous ossification

Mesenchyme tissue 1st > replaced by cartilage > replaced by bone

Endochondral ossification

Completed before birth

Intramembranous ossification

Bones produced: Flat bones of skull, mandible (lower jaw), clavicles (collarbones)

Intramembranous ossification

Bones produced: all the others that aren't listed above

Endochondral ossification

Flat bones are produced by

Intramembranous

Clavicles are produced by

Intramembranous

Flat bones of the skull are produced by

Intramembranous

Bone scars left where the epipyseal plate was

Epipyseal line

Primary fiber type of periosteum

Collagen

Anchor periosteum to compact bone

Perforating fibers

Does the haversian canal contain blood vessels and nerve fibers?

Yes

What lines the central canal and periforating canals?

Endosteum

Is there a lot of a little of spongy bone in the diaphysis?

Little

Is there a lot of a little of spongy bone in the epiphyses?

Lots

Are there lacunae and lamellae in spongy bone?

Yes, both

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue

Endosteum

This tissue lines the marrow cavity

Endosteum

This tissue covers spicules and trabeculae

Endosteum

Does the endosteum have osteocytes?

No

The medullary in long bones contains?

Yellow marrow

What type of tissue is yellow marrow?

Mostly adipose

Contains stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cells (bone, cartilage, fat)

Medullary cavity

Contains hematopoietic stem cells

Red bone marrow

Where is red marrow in children?

Everywhere

Where is red marrow in adults? (6)

1) Skull

2) Vertebrae

3) Pelvic girdle

4) Heads of humerus

5) Head of femur

6) Sternum

Where is yellow marrow in adults?

In the medullary cavity of long bones

When does yellow marrow transform back into red marrow?

In the case of anemia

Undergo mitosis to create osteoblasts, in endosteum and periosteum

Osteogenic stem cells

Builders in endosteum and periosteum (amitotic)

Osteoblasts

Maintain matrix and are amitotic

Osteocytes

Release signals to recruit osteoblasts

Osteocytes

The structure that connects lacunae

Canaliculi

How do cells communicate?

Via gap junctions that go through canaliculi