INDUSTRIAL- Punishment

INDUSTRIAL- Punishment

three punishment changes from EM to Industrial

• decline in death penalty and end of public executions

• transportation to Australia

• prisons the normal method of punishment

DEATH PENALTY- punishments people thought were better than this

• transportation

• reformed prison service

DEATH PENALTY- four groups of people who were against the death penalty and why

• normal people= saw there were alternatives to this and was an ineffective punishment

• philosophers= punishments too brutal

• reformers= argued public execution inhumane and those condemned to death should have more dignity during their execution

• juries= frequently unwilling to find people guilty if they felt punishment disproportionate

DEATH PENALTY- what idea was bloody code based off of

• harsh punishment deterred criminals, but working less now

• executions made public events and supposed to be a spectacle for people to fear

DEATH PENALTY- what were public executions like which went against their purpose

• attracted large crowds and there was a festival atmosphere

• in some towns, special train services laid on to bring large numbers to execution site

• some employers allowed workers time off to attend

• local traders and shopkeepers enjoyed extra trade on hanging days; treated like festive occasions

• reformers argued crowds that came to watch often drunk and disorderly

• fun spectacle rather than a solemn occasion that would scare them into being law-abiding

• sometimes crowds would mock authorities and treat condemned criminal as hero

• crowds that gathered at hangings also provided opportunities for more crimes like pick-pocketing and prostitution

DEATH PENALTY- what did Robert Peel do to do with this and why

• brought in wide range of changes to criminal law and reforming prisons

• wanted to prevent crimes and reform criminals rather than focusing on punishments as deterrent

• reformed penal code by reducing number of crimes punishable by death by 100 and many minor crimes punished more proportionately as result

DEATH PENALTY- when did public executions stop

1868

DEATH PENALTY- factors for change (its decline) and why

• attitudes of society= people viewed the death penalty as wrong, especially as so many crimes were punished by it; also viewed hangings as fun

• change in role of punishment= became less of a deterrent and encouraged more crime at big crowds at hangings so became useless

• role of reformers= go and argue that public execution inhumane

• role of juries= wouldn’t fine people guilty if crime small and punishment harsh so jury system stopped functioning properly

• role of Peel and gov- removed 100 crimes from death penalty and many other reforms

• role of gov- made executions not be public

TRANSPORTATION- what caused it to not be able to go to USA anymore

USA gained their independence so lost their colonies so prisoners could no longer be sent there

TRANSPORTATION- what type of punishment

• deterrent and more humane alternative to death penalty for petty crimes

TRANSPORTATION- how many transported to Australia and what fraction were women

160,000, 1/6 of them women

TRANSPORTATION- advantages

• Britain’s prisons not designed to hold large numbers of criminals being convicted in the courts so transportation alternative to building new prisons

• prisoners would help populate the new colony

TRANSPORTATION- where were convicts held before this

• in prison, while they waited for next ship to leave to Australia

• but prisons overcrowded so many were in hulks, which were disused ships as floating prisons just offshore

TRANSPORTATION- conditions of hulks

harsh and prisoners kept in chains

TRANSPORTATION- where were convicts kept on transport ship to Australia and conditions and how long was the journey there

• kept below deck in dirty, cramped conditions

• journey would take three months

TRANSPORTATION- how long would prisoners be in Aus for and what would they do

• seven year sentence

• sent to work for settlers; new masters provided basic food and housing

TRANSPORTATION- what type of punishment and why

• deterrent= couldn’t return home and conditions harsh, with chains in dirty and cramped conditions

• reform= worked for settlers, given a new life in Aus afterwards so a fresh start and aimed to teach them how to work hard

TRANSPORTATION- what would happen to convicts after being released

they would not have any money and so would stay in Aus and make a new life for themselves

TRANSPORTATION- factors for increase

• too many criminals= overcrowding of prisons, so alternative needed which was transportation

• being done before= to America before but changed to Australia so knew what to do and how it worked

• abolition of bloody code= meant there were many more people not being killed for their crime so were instead sent to Aus

• economy= too expensive to build more prisons so transportation a cheaper alternative

• British empire= sending convicts to new colonies helps to populate them and grow the empire

• attitudes of society= saw it as a more humane alternative to death penalty so supported it and meant prisoners wouldn’t stay in UK so felt safer

TRANSPORTATION- when did it end

1868

TRANSPORTATION- reasons in Australia why it ended

• many people believed that ex-convicts were responsible for high crime levels in some Australian towns

• free settlers argued that convict workers meant there were fewer jobs for others and that employers were able to pay lower wages overall

TRANSPORTATION- reasons in Britain why it ended

• said conditions on convict ships inhumane and others argued that transportation was too lenient

• Australia becoming desirable place to settle, especially after gold was discovered there so transportation less of a deterrent (wages also higher there

• new ideas about the use and purpose of prisons led to more prisons being built in Britain; more prisons at home meant less need for transportation

• crime rate increased since transportation begun and by 1830s it was costing half a million pounds every year

TRANSPORTATION- factors for decrease and why

• economy- becoming more expensive to use transportation as punishment compared to prisons

• new prisons being built- gave them enough space for prisoners in the UK instead

• attitudes of society- people in Australia thought they were stealing their jobs and were responsible for high crime levels and in Britain believed that convict ships were inhumane and others saw it as too lenient

• change in Aus- seen as attractive place to live and high wages

• crime rate- increased since transportation

• role of gov- removed it and controlled it

PRISONS- what was their previous purpose

to hold convicts until the actual punishment

PRISONS- what is their role now

normal method of punishment themselves

PRISONS- why are more of them needed now

end of bloody code and transportation means more criminals so therefore more space

PRISONS- continuity

first prison was the Bridewell prison during EM

PRISONS- what was the old prison system; how were prisoners grouped, money and conditions

• all prisoners together; first time offenders with hardcore criminals, women and children

• wardens not paid and charged the prisoners fees; the better off you were, the better treatment you had

• poor people housed in overcrowded and unhygienic prisons

PRISONS- views on prisons

• opportunity to change or rehabilitate a person who had committed a crime

• deter others from crime

• involve hard work to pay back society

• made society safer by separating criminals from everyone else

PRISONS- act that passed about this, when and by whom

• Gaols Act

• 1823

• Home Secretary Robert Peel

PRISONS- two reformers

• Elizabeth Fry

• John Howard

PRISONS- what is a reformer

someone who makes positive change

PRISONS- what good work did Fry begin by doing and how old was she

• age 18

• charity work; helping the poor, sick and prisoners

PRISONS- what prison did Fry visit and what year

Newgate prison in 1813

PRISONS- conditions in Newgate prison

• some prisoners detained without trial

• women and children alongside dangerous prisoners

• filthy and overcrowded conditions

PRISONS- how did Fry encourage rehabilitation at Newgate

• teaching sewing

• led Bible classes

• helps ensure that female warders are employed to work with female and child prisoners

• organises prison education for women and children at Newgate

• improves living conditions, providing prisoners with furniture and clothing

• writes letters and campaigns for wide prison reform; goes to others to convince them the system is bad

PRISONS- what organisation did Fry set up and Newgate and what was their goal

Association for the Reformation of Female Prisoners at Newgate to campaign for better conditions

PRISONS- what prison did Howard visit which conditions shocked him

Bedfordshire county gaol

PRISONS- concerns Howard had at Bedfordshire

some prisoners detained as they couldn’t afford their release fee

PRISONS- what did Howard do to try to better conditions and when

• 1774- campaigns to persuade parliament to ensure that prisoners who have finished their sentences are released

• tours other prisons, looking for good examples to remodel the gaol on and writes down what he sees at each

• published book

PRISONS- what is the name of the book Howard published and when was it published

The State of Prisons in England and Wales in 1777 and it provided detailed evidence for other prison reformers

PRISONS- what does Howard believe prisons should be like

• criminals will only change their ways if given a reasonable standard of living in prison

• clean, decent food and water

• useful work

• Christian teaching

• private cells to allow reflection on crimes

• wage for gaolers so they won’t exploit prisoners

• makes visits to individual gaolers around the country to persuade them to improve their practices

PRISONS- what did the Gaols Act of 1823 state should change to prisons

• all prisoners should have proper food, though they can no longer keep pets

• prison warders and governors are to be paid

• prisons must be healthy, with proper fresh water supply and adequate drainage

• male and female prisoners are to be separated; women should have female warders

• all prisoners should attend a chapel and receive religious instruction from the chaplain

• magistrates have a duty to visit prisons in their area and check up on them

PRISONS- factors for change and why

• attitudes of society- standards change as people realise the current system is inhumane

• role of individuals and reformers- campaigned for these rights for prisons; Howard wrote a book etc

• role of gov and Peel- introduced and produced the Gaols Act

• change in role of punishment- more angled towards reform rather than deterrent

• humanitarian

• previous system not working so change needed

PRISONS- what did people believe the purpose of prisons should be

• disagreement over whether the main purpose should be rehabilitation or punishment

• reformers favoured rehabilitation

PRISONS- views on prison as punishment

believed there should be harsh conditions and hard labour; paying for the crime they committed

PRISONS- example of harsh punishment in prisons and what it involved

• treadwheel- prisoner walked up the wheel for ten minutes at a time, with a five minute break before the next ten minutes

• went on for eight hours a day and prisoners climbed equivalent of over 2.5km every shift

• prisoners stood in separate booths at the wheel to ensure no communication between them

• power generated by the treadwheel sometimes used in the prison e.g. for pumping water

PRISONS- negative impacts of treadwheel

• no rehabilitation

• harmed mental health

• doesn’t stop reoffenders so v harsh