Foundations of Psychology: Schools & Core Concepts

Structuralism

Early approach that tried to break the mind into basic parts (Wundt, Titchener).

Introspection

Looking inward and describing your thoughts and sensations.

Functionalism

Focus on how mental processes help people adapt and survive (James).

Humanistic Psychology

Emphasizes growth, potential, and becoming your best self (Rogers, Maslow).

Cognitive Neuroscience

Studies how brain activity connects to thinking and memory.

Natural Selection

Traits that help survival get passed to future generations.

Biopsychosocial Approach

Behavior is shaped by biology, thoughts, and environment all together.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate over genes vs. experiences shaping behavior.

Behavioral Psychology

Focuses on observable actions and how they are learned.

Biological Psychology

Explores how the brain, body, and chemicals influence behavior.

Cognitive Psychology

Studies thinking, problem-solving, and memory.

Evolutionary Psychology

Explains behavior through inherited traits that helped ancestors survive. Many behaviors are seen as adaptations.

Psychodynamic Psychology

Says behavior is shaped by the unconscious mind and childhood experiences. This idea originated with Freud.

Sociocultural Psychology

Studies how culture and social groups influence behavior. It looks at norms, traditions, and expectations.