U.S. Westward Expansion, Native American Resistance, and Industrialization

Why did many white Americans ignore Native American claims to land?

Manifest Destiny, racism, economic desires, and government support for settlers.

What factors prevented Native Americans from effectively resisting white expansion?

Military disadvantage, broken treaties, loss of buffalo, forced relocation, lack of unity.

Why is the Sand Creek Massacre significant?

U.S. soldiers killed Cheyenne civilians, showing extreme violence toward Native Americans.

What happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn?

Native forces defeated Custer in 1876.

Why is Wounded Knee considered the end of Native resistance?

1890 massacre ended armed Native resistance.

Who was Chief Joseph?

Nez Perce leader known for peaceful resistance.

Who was George Armstrong Custer?

U.S. general killed at Little Bighorn.

Who was Ulysses S. Grant?

Civil War general and U.S. president.

Who were Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan?

Leaders of railroad, oil, steel, and finance industries in industrial America.

What was the difference between W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington?

Du Bois pushed for full equality; Washington supported gradual economic progress.

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

Leader of the women's suffrage movement.

Who was Clarence Darrow?

Lawyer defending labor and civil liberties.

What was the Homestead Act of 1862?

Gave free land to settlers who farmed it.

Why was the Centennial Exposition of 1876 important?

Introduced Americans to new consumer goods and technologies.

Why did U.S. industry grow so rapidly in the late 1800s?

Natural resources, railroads, technology, immigrants, capitalism.

How did railroads transform the United States?

Connected markets, encouraged settlement, standardized time, boosted industry.

Why was the trans-Atlantic telegraph cable important?

Allowed instant communication with Europe.

What was the Haymarket Riot?

Labor protest that turned violent and hurt unions' public image.

What is vertical integration?

One company controls all production steps.

What was the Standard Oil Trust?

Rockefeller's oil monopoly.

What are holding companies?

Companies that own stock in other companies.

What were settlement houses?

Organizations helping immigrants and the urban poor.

What is Social Darwinism?

Belief that economic success reflects natural superiority.

What does it mean that the U.S. became the first consumer nation?

People regularly bought mass-produced goods.

How did technology affect factory workers?

Faster production, long hours, unsafe conditions.

What was life like for the urban poor?

Crowded housing, low pay, poor sanitation.

Why did labor unions form?

To fight low wages, long hours, unsafe work.

Why did immigrants move to cities despite harsh conditions?

Jobs and opportunity.

What is machine politics?

Political systems trading services for votes.

Who were political bosses?

Leaders controlling city governments.

What were Victorian middle-class values?

Hard work, morality, family, respectability, gender roles.