PSYC 4008 FINAL BAUMEISTER

malaria therapy

jauregg introduced ______________ for general paresis of the insane

non-psychological medical treatments for M.I.

primarily powerful sedatives such as chloral hydrate, bromides, and paraldehydes; also hashish, cocaine, morphine; barbiturates

meduna

introduced metrazol convulsive therapy

sakel

introduced insulin coma therapy

cerletti

introduced ECT

ECT

was safer than previous therapies; still around today

moniz

INTRODUCED lobotomy

walter freeman

PROMOTED standard lobotomy then transorbital lobotomy

modern psychopharmacology era

1950; new drugs treated patients without sedating them

thorazine

most significant new drug in the modern psychopharmacology era

lighter witmer

officially credited with establishing clinical psychology; also considered founder of school psychology and special education

orthogenics

witmer's approach to clinical psychology; focused on environmental fixes

clinical psychology

not initially welcomed by the APA; APA was research based

american association of clinical psychology

separate organization from APA created in 1917

worked in clinics, under psychiatrists; conducted mental tests

before WWII, psychologists did what?

huge population of psychologically damaged veterans

WWII created?

increasing

psychiatry gave ____________ role to psychology in diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

federal funding

growth of clinical psychology stimulated by ____________________ to support training of clinical psychologists

boulder model

blueprint for clinical training; scientist-practioner model

boulder model training

- principles of psychology

- research methodology

- psychometrics

- psychopathology

- psychotherapy

- doctoral dissertation

- year long clinical internship

- statistics

PsyD degree

clinicians felt too much of their training was devoted to research methodology; not built on boulder model

behavior therapy

based on principle that most behavior is learned; seeks to replace maladaptive behavior through conditioning

ex: aversion therapy; systematic desensitization

aversion therapy

pavlovian principles; drinking alcohol paired with electric shock

systematic desensitization

treat phobias; based on principle of extinction; used with relaxation techniques

CBT

most widely used in treating mental disorders; focuses on identifying and changing irrational thought, reality testing, emotional regulation, skill development

aaron beck

father of cognitive therapy

humanistic psychotherapy

developed as a reaction against the deterministic, reductionistic psychoanalysis and behavior therapy; gestalt characteristics; stresses importance of wholistic approach; assumes humans have free will/are inherently good

abraham maslow

best known for arranging human needs into a hierarchy; self-actualization

self actualization

highest need and pinnacle of personal development; realization of a person's full potential

carl rogers

creator of client-centered therapy; therapist acts as a guide rather than director; criticized for being most relevant to middle and upper class patients

the eysenck study

compared the efficacy of various theoretical based psychotherapies with a group of neurotics who received no therapy

eysenck study conclusion

there "appears to be an inverse relationship between recovery and psychotherapy"

common factors theory

different approaches share common factors that account for much of the effectiveness of treatment

common factors model

- therapeutic relationship

- expectations of treatment effectiveness

- confronting the problem

- mastery/control experiments

- patients' attribution of successful outcome to internal or external causes

jean piaget

famous for theory of cognitive development; genetic epistemology; assimilation and accommodation; object permanence; schemata; considered one of the most important psychologist of 20th century

schemata

complex mental structures formed through active mental processes and constitute gestalt wholes and therefore cannot be reduced

fredrick bartlett

shared ideas/terminology with piaget; introduced methods of repeated productions; british read native american folk talke

method of repeated productions

british read native american folk tale; asked to reproduce the sotry; "remembered" elements of the stories were transformed to be more consistent with the schemata they held

constructive process

memory is not just a reproduction of learned material, it is a ___________________

chomsky's attack on behaviorism

- language develops too rapidly for conditioning to be responsible

- people create and understand sentences they have never heard before so how can they be reinforced?

- language has meaning independent of the sequence

linguistic universals

grammar is innate and unique to humans and all languages share __________________________

evidence for innate grammar

critical period for language development; poverty of stimulus argument

information

the reduction of uncertainty

information theory's significance to psychology

it is common among lay people and scientists to conceptualize the brain as an info processing device (a biologic computer)

george miller

quantified STM capacity; amount of info could be increased by recoding

7 +/- 2 items

STM can hold __________________

recoding

amount of info contained in each item could be increased by ___________________________

recoding

combining meaningful "chunks" of info

atkinson/shiffrin model of memory

asserts 3 separate components:

sensory register

short-term store

long-term store

consciousness

STM requires ______________________

rehearsal

short-term store

donald broadbent

dichotic listening procedure; introduced the selective filter model of human attention

hardware

in cognitive science; the brain is _______________________

philosophical questions

is consciousness an epi-phenomenon?

does matter produce consciousness?

(cog. science provided facile answers to these)

physiological psychology

originally an experimental science that studied relationship between brain and behavior; cognitive psychology recently submerged with it

karl lashley

studied effects of ablating discrete regions of the cortex on maze learning rats; equipotentiality and law of mass action

equipotentiality

the idea that any part of the cortex is capable of carrying out the function of any damaged area; rejected localization of memory

law of mass action

although site of lesion was not associated with impairment, the AMOUNT of cortex damaged was

donald hebb

best known physiological psychology; hebbian theory of learning

hebbian theory of learning

neurons that fire together wire together

james old

created origin of the ideas of pleasure centers and reward centers in the brain

james gibson

promoted ecological approach to study visual perception; invented/coined term "affordance"

affordance

a possibility for action provided by stimuli that is not the property of either the organism of its environment alone (a doorknob _____ turning)

eleanor gibson

invented visual cliff

visual cliff

a device used to study depth perception in animals and human infants

floyd allport

research was behavioristic in nature; did not believe in gestalt wholes; the influence of aggregations of people in groups could be explained by the individual acts of members of the group on each other

leon festinger

had a gestalt approach; cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

holding inconsistent thoughts or behaving in a way that is inconsistent with one's beliefs creates tension that the individuals is motivated to reduce/eliminate

stanley milgram

conducted most famous experiment in history of psychology; obedience to authority; small world phenomenon; familiar strangers

small world phenomenon

on average, letter had to be forwarded 6 times to reach the initially designated person; there were "six degrees of separation" among individuals in society

familiar strangers

people whom we encounter regularly and recognize but do not know personally; documented the existence of such "hidden" social networks; considered important for understanding how disease spreads

henry murray

strong psychoanalytic leanings; developed thematic apperception test (projective test); personology; dim view of psychology

personology

the idiographic approach; focus is on individual

thematic apperception test

projective test; people shown ambiguous drawings and asked to create a story

gordon allport

considered father of modern personality theory; trait theory

state vs. trait (trait theory)

traits contrasted to states which are transitory and affected by context

therapeutic nihilism

skepticism regarding the worth of therapeutic agents especially in a particular disease

hawthorne effect

the alteration of behavior by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed

joseph wolpe

created systematic desensitization

bartlett's definition of schemata

active organizations of past reactions, or of past experiences, which must always be supposed to be operating in any well-adapted organic response

TOTE unit

test-operate-test-exit; created by miller for human feedback systems

neisser

gave cognitive psychology its name

nomothetic approach

a principle that presumably affected people in general

idiographic approach

a strategy that concentrates on the unique individual

cell assemblies

neurons that wired together (hebb)