Chinese History Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for Chinese history lecture notes.

夏朝 (Xià Cháo)

中国历史上第一个王朝 (Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng dì yī gè wángcháo) - The first dynasty in Chinese history (2070-1600 BC).

大禹 (Dà Yǔ)

建立了夏朝 (jiànlì le Xià Cháo) - Founder of the Xia Dynasty; known for his efforts to control flooding.

奴隶制国家 (núlì zhì guójiā)

夏朝是一个奴隶制国家 (Xià Cháo shì yī gè núlì zhì guójiā) - Xia Dynasty was a slave society.

土地国有制 (tǔdì guóyǒu zhì)

夏朝实行土地国有制 (Xià Cháo shíxíng tǔdì guóyǒu zhì) - Land owned by the state, allocated to people for cultivation but not privately owned during the Xia Dynasty.

太康失国 (Tài Kāng shī guó)

夏朝的事件 (Xià Cháo de shìjiàn) - An event referring to the decline of the Xia Dynasty under the rule of Tai Kang.

少康中兴 (Shào Kāng zhōngxīng)

夏朝复兴的时期 (Xià Cháo fùxīng de shíqí) - The revival of the Xia Dynasty during the reign of Shao Kang.

夏桀 (Xià Jié)

夏朝最后的国王 (Xià Cháo zuìhòu de guówáng) - The last king of the Xia Dynasty, known for his cruelty and tyranny.

商汤 (Shāng Tāng)

灭夏桀 (miè Xià Jié) - Founder of the Shang Dynasty, overthrew Xia Jie.

盘庚迁都 (Pán Gēng qiāndū)

商朝君主盘庚为稳定政局，将都城迁到河南安阳 (Shāng Cháo jūnzhǔ Pán Gēng wèi wěndìng zhèngjú, jiāng dūchéng qiān dào Hénán Ānyáng) - Shang Dynasty ruler Pan Geng moved the capital to Anyang in Henan province.

殷墟 (Yīnxū)

商朝稳定的象征 (Shāng Cháo wěndìng de xiàngzhēng) - Ruins of Yin, the capital of the Shang Dynasty after Pan Geng's move.

王位世袭 (wángwèi shìxí)

帝王之位只在家族内传承 (dìwáng zhī wèi zhǐ zài jiāzú nèi chuánchéng) - Hereditary monarchy; the throne is passed down within the family.

牧野之战 (Mùyě zhī zhàn)

周武王率周联军讨伐商纣王 (Zhōu Wǔwáng shuài Zhōu liánjūn tǎofá Shāng Zhòuwáng) - The Battle of Muye, where King Wu of Zhou overthrew King Zhou of Shang.

纣王 (Zhòu Wáng)

商朝最后的君王 (Shāng Cháo zuìhòu de jūnwáng) - The last king of the Shang Dynasty, known for his cruelty.

妲己 (Dájǐ)

商朝纣王的妃子 (Shāng Cháo Zhòuwáng de fēizi) - Consort of King Zhou of Shang, often blamed for his downfall.

西周 (Xī Zhōu)

周朝的王朝 (Zhōu Cháo de wángcháo) - The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC).

姬昌 (Jī Chāng)

周文王 (Zhōu Wénwáng) - King Wen of Zhou, father of King Wu.

姬发 (Jī Fā)

周武王 (Zhōu Wǔwáng) - King Wu of Zhou, who overthrew the Shang Dynasty.

挟天子以令诸侯 (xié tiānzǐ yǐ lìng zhūhóu)

制皇帝，用皇帝的名义命令各地诸侯 (zhì huángdì, yòng huángdì de míngyì mìnglìng gèdì zhūhóu) - To control the emperor to command the feudal lords.

君权神授 (jūn quán shén shòu)

君王的统治权来自“天” (jūnwáng de tǒngzhì quán láizì “tiān”) - Divine right of kings; the belief that the ruler's authority comes from Heaven.

封建土地国有制 (fēngjiàn tǔdì guóyǒu zhì)

西周土地所有制 (Xī Zhōu tǔdì suǒyǒu zhì) - Feudal state ownership of land during the Western Zhou Dynasty.

分封制 (fēnfēng zhì)

各诸侯国虽然有一定独立性，但名义上都服从周王 (gè zhūhóu guó suīrán yǒu yīdìng dúlìxìng, dàn míngyì shàng dōu fúcóng Zhōu wáng) - System of enfeoffment; granting land to relatives and loyal subjects to govern.

井田制 (jǐngtián zhì)

国家把土地划分成“井”字形 (guójiā bǎ tǔdì huàfēn chéng “jǐng” zìxíng) - Well-field system; land divided into a grid pattern, with the central plot collectively farmed.

褒姒 (Bāosì)

周幽王的妃子 (Zhōu Yōuwáng de fēizi) - Consort of King You of Zhou, often blamed for the dynasty's downfall.

东周 (Dōng Zhōu)

分为春秋和战国两个时期 (fēn wéi Chūnqiū hé Zhànguó liǎng gè shíqí) - The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, divided into the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.

迁都洛邑 (qiāndū Luòyì)

春秋时期的开端是周平王东迁洛邑 (Chūnqiū shíqí de kāiduān shì Zhōu Píngwáng dōngqiān Luòyì) - Moving the capital to Luoyi (Luoyang), marking the beginning of the Spring and Autumn period.

春秋五霸 (Chūnqiū wǔ bà)

春秋的五位领导 (Chūnqiū de wǔ wèi lǐngdǎo) - The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period.

尊王攘夷 (zūnwáng rǎngyí)

尊敬皇上 (zūnjìng huángshàng) - Revere the king and repel the barbarians.

选贤用能 (xuǎn xián yòng néng)

Хорошее правительство должно отбирать достойных и назначать способных, а не полагаться на кумовство(hāo de zhèngfǔ yīnggāi xuǎnbá xiánnéng) - Select the virtuous and employ the capable.

问鼎中原 (wèndǐng zhōngyuán)

想当老大，争夺天下 (xiǎng dāng lǎodà, zhēngduó tiānxià) - To aspire to be the hegemon.

卧薪尝胆 (wòxīn chángdǎn)

越王勾践发奋图强 (Yuè Wáng Gōujiàn fāfèn túqiáng) - To endure hardship and bide one's time for revenge.

三家分晋 (Sān jiā fēn Jìn)

魏、韩、赵三家把晋国瓜分，建立自己国家 (Wèi, Hán, Zhào sān jiā bǎ Jìn guó guāfēn, jiànlì zìjǐ guójiā) - The partition of Jin by the three families of Wei, Han, and Zhao, marking the beginning of the Warring States period.

李悝改革 (Lǐ Kuī gǎigé)

推行法治，改革土地制度 (tuīxíng fǎzhì, gǎigé tǔdì zhìdù) - Legalist reforms implemented by Li Kui in the state of Wei.

商鞅变法 (Shāng Yāng biànfǎ)

确立法治，奖励军功 (quèlì fǎzhì, jiǎnglì jūngōng) - Reforms implemented by Shang Yang in the state of Qin to strengthen the state.

都江堰 (Dūjiāngyàn)

李冰主持的水利工程 (Lǐ Bīng zhǔchí de shuǐlì gōngchéng) - Irrigation system built by Li Bing in Qin (Sichuan).

百家争鸣 (bǎijiā zhēngmíng)

春秋战国时期各类思想流派自由辩论、竞争发展 (Chūnqiū Zhànguó shíqí gèlèi sīxiǎng liúpài zìyóu biànlùn, jìngzhēng fāzhǎn) - The Hundred Schools of Thought during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.

秦始皇 (Qín Shǐhuáng)

中国历史上第一位皇帝 (Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng dì yī wèi huángdì) - The first emperor of China.

中央集权制 (zhōngyāng jíquán zhì)

国家权力集中在中央 (guójiā quánlì jízhōng zài zhōngyāng) - Centralized system of government.

三公九卿 (sāngōng jiǔ qīng)

秦朝的政府结构 (Qín cháo de zhèngfǔ jiégòu) - The Three Excellencies and Nine Ministers; high-ranking officials in the Qin Dynasty.

郡县制 (jùnxiàn zhì)

把全国划分为郡和县 (bǎ quánguó huàfēn wéi jùn hé xiàn) - Administrative division of the Qin Dynasty into prefectures and counties.

焚书坑儒 (fén shū kēng rú)

秦始皇时期的一次思想控制事件 (Qín Shǐhuáng shíqí de yī cì sīxiǎng kòngzhì shìjiàn) - The burning of books and burying of scholars during the Qin Dynasty.

修筑长城 (xiūzhù chángchéng)

保障了北方边境的安全 秦 (bǎozhàng le běifāng biānjìng de ānquán Qín) - Building the Great Wall to protect the northern border.