Chapter 1 Human Anatomy & Physiology Marieb and Hoehn ------ Athens Tech

Anatomy

Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Subdivision of Anatomy

1. Macroscopic

2. Microscopic

3. Developmental

Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy

Study of larger structures that are easily visible

Examining the structure of body

Cadaver dissection

Comparative anatomy

Examining structure of the human body

1. Inspection

2. Palpation

3. Auscultation

4. Percussion

Regional anatomy

All the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time.

Systemic anatomy

Body structure is studied system by system. For example, when studying the cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.

Surface anatomy

The study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Microscopic anatomy

Deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Cytology

The study of the cells of the body

Histology

The study of tissues

Developmental anatomy

Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

Embryology

A subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Pathological anatomy

Studies structural changes caused by disease.

Radiographic anatomy

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Physiology is the study of

the normal functions of the organ systems.

Bases on the organ system

1. focuses on cellular & molecular levels of the body

2. Electrophysiology

3. Comparative physiology

Renal physiology

Concerns kidney function and urine production

Neurophysiology

Explains the workings of the nervous system

Cardiovascular physiology

Examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

Chemical level

The simplest level of the structural hierarchy. At this level, atoms. tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins.

Principle of complementarity of structure & function

Structure often dictates function

Cellular level

All cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body

Tissue level

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.

Organ level

Extremely complex functions become possible.

Organ system level

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

Organismal level

Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Anatomical Variation

the normal flexibility in the topography and morphology of body structures

Necessary Life Functions

1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement

3. Responsiveness

4. Digestion

5. Metabolism

6. Excretion

7. Reproduction

8. Growth

Contractility

The muscle cell's ability to move by shortening

Movement

Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system,

Example: such as propelling ourselves from one place to another by running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers

Digestion

The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

Responsiveness, excitability, irritability

The ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them

metabolism = catabolism + anabolism

All chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

1. breaking down substances into their simpler

building blocks

2. synthesizing more complex cellular structures

from simpler substances

3. using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP

4. energy-rich molecules that power cellular

activities.

Excretion

The process of removing wastes, or excreta, from the body

Reproduction

Occurs at the cellular and the organismal level.

Growth

An increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole

Water

Accounts for 60% to 80% of our body weight and is the simple most abundant chemical substance in the body

Nutrients

Substances in food that your body needs to grow, to repair itself, and to supply you with energy

Organ systems of the body

1. integumentary

2. skeletal

3. muscular

4. nervous

5. endocrine

6. cardiovascular

7. lymphatic

8. respiratory

9. digestive

10. urinary

11. reproductive Male/Female

Integumentary system

Hair, skin, nails. Houses receptors and sweat/oil glands

Skeletal system

Bones; provides protection and suspport

Muscular system

skeletal muscles; posture, heat, movement

Nervous system

Body's control system, responds to internal and external changes by stimulating proper body part; brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine system

thyroid, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovary, testis, pituitary gland, pineal gland. Release hormones.

Cardiovascular

Blood vessels, veins, arteries, heart. Transport blood, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients

Lymphatic system/immunity

lymph nodes, spleen, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels, thymus, red bone marrow. Transports fluid, white blood cells for immunity

Respiratory system

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lung, bronchi. Supply blood with oxygen & remove carbon dioxide.

Digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, rectum, anus, large intestine. Break down food to absorb nutrients.

reproductive system (female)

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

-produces and transports eggs

-site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation

-secretes hormones

-sexual function

Urinary system

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water.

Normal body temperature

98.6 degrees

Atomospheric pressure

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal comditions despite continuous changes in the environment.

Homeos = similar/same Stasis = Involves 3 components

1. Receptor

2. Control center

3. Effector

Variable

the factor or event being regulated

Receptor

Some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli, by sending information to the second component, the control center

Control center

Determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained

Effector

Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus

Negative feedback mechanisms

The output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity

Thermoreceptors

respond to changes in temperature.

Example

1.Vasodilation - enlarging the diameter of a vessel

1. vasoconstriction - narrowing of blood vessels

Neural and Endocrine Regulation

-hormones and neurotransmitters both interact with specific receptors

-binding to a receptor causes a change within the cell

-there are mechanisms to turn off target cell activity; the signal is either removed or inactivated

Baroreceptors

Cells that are sensitive to blood pressure changes.

Positive feedback mechanisms

The result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

- increases risk of disease

- associated with aging

- destructive positive feedback mechanisms may take over