Pharmaceutics II 8.2 Nasal Delivery

What is the nasal cavity volume?

20 mL

What is the nasal conchae?

Form series of folds (turbinate), which increases the surface area (100-200 cm^2) of nasal cavity

What does the nasal conchae do?

They enable the nose to warm, humidify (close to 100%) and clean incoming air (by filtering and trapping incoming particles)

Smell (olfactory) receptor cells

Are located in the upper part of the nasal cavity

Smell (olfactory) cells and receptors

Are very adjacent to the brain

What does the nasal mucous membrane contain?

Water, ions, glycoproteins (viscous), enzymes, immunoglobulin

Nasal mucous membrane pH

5.5-6.5

What are the sub-layers like for the nasal mucous membrane?

gel and solution

What are the cilia of epithelium cells like?

Tiny hair-like projection on the exposed surface of epithelial cell

What is the length like?

10 um in length and 0.1 um in diameter

How does the cilia beat at?

10 Hz to move the mucus and particles

What is muco-ciliary clearance?

A physical barrier for drug absorption

Mucociliary clearance movement is towards?

Nasopharynx (about 20 min per circle)

What is nasal metabolism?

An enzymatic barrier for drug absorption

Nasal metabolism by various enzymes may be?

Significant for some drugs, especially for peptide and protein based drug candidates

What can pathological conditions be affected by?

The absorption and compromise the efficiency

Functional barrier

Sneeze reflex

What is butorphanol tartrate for?

For migraine and post-operative pain

What is the onset like?

Rapid

Where is butorphanol tartrate soluble in?

In water and stable when pH < 7

What is the dose for butorphanol tartrate?

1 to 2 mL

What is oral delivery like for butorphanol tartrate?

Oral delivery was ineffective because of first-pass hepatic metabolism

What are inhalants?

Drug(s) with high vapor pressure can be carried by an air current (as vapors) into the nasal passages

What is an inhaler?

Device that holds the drug(s)

What is inhalation?

Drugs (solid, liquid) or solution of drugs administered by the nasal or oral respiratory route to lung as aerosol