hdfs 330 exam 3

method to prevent conception in ancient Egypt

dried crocodile dung next to cervix

method to prevent conception in 6-century Greece

ate uterus, testes, or hoof clippings from a mule

method to prevent conception in 17-th century western Europe

vaginal sponges soaked in various solutions

method to prevent conception in 18th century Italy

giovanni casanova: animal membrane condoms tied to base of penis

1870s Comstock Laws

Anthony C____, enacted national laws prohibiting dissemination of contraceptive info through US mail (“obscene”)

early US views on contraception

only form of birth control was abstinence, reproduction was only acceptable reason for intercourse

first birth control pills came on US market in ____

1960

Margaret Sanger

nurse, saw firsthand women’s hardships with lack of BC, illegal clinic in 1915 for diaphrams shipped from Europe, published BC info in newspaper The Woman Rebel, arraigned for violating Comstock Laws, founded what is now Planned Parenthood

criticism of Sanger

racist and classist beliefs, pushed harmful practice of eugenics, saw BC as a way to better the human race and reduce reproduction of “lesser” people

profound shift into acceptance of female sexual expression and broadened women’s roles

fertility control (first BC pills) instead of abstinence

1965 US ruling Griswold v. Connecticut

overruled states’ prohibitions on use of contraceptives by married couples, protected right to privacy

1972 Eisenstadt v. Baird

decriminalized the use of contraception by single people and access to the birth control pill, 9% drop in birth rate in 15-20 year old women

In US, nearly of sexually active women have used contraception and __ are currently using BC methods

98%, 65%

almost __ of all pregnancies in the US are unplanned or unwanted

half

women using BC consistently account for __ of unplanned pregnancies

5%

teens using BC is __ , teen birth rate is __

increasing, decreasing

Title X of Public Health Service Act

provides public funding for family planning

effective long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs)

IUDs and implants

hormone-based: pills (estrogen-grogestin, including seasonale)

very effective, sexual experience not interrupted, improves acne, reduces cramps and flow, no protection from STIs, nausea, fluid retention, irregular bleeding, and decreased sexual interest

hormone-based: pills (progestin-only)

very effective, no interruption of sexual experience, can be used during breastfeeding, STI risk, breakthru bleeding, worse acne, same time every day

hormone-based: vaginal ring (NuvaRing)

no daily pill, consistent, low-dose release of hormone, sexual experience not interrupted, STI risk, increased discharge, expulsion of ring possible, not effective for 198+ lbs

hormone-based: skin patch

no daily pill, consistent, low-dose release of hormone, sexual experience not interrupted, STI risk, risk of blood clots, breakthru bleeding, skin irritation

hormone-based: injection (Depo-Provera)

very effective, sexual experience maintained, no daily pill, no estrogen related side effects, good for breastfeeding, STI risk, breakthru bleeding, weight gain, headaches, mood swings, injection every 3 months

hormone-based: implant

longer protection, highly effective, no daily pill, no estrogen related side effects, STI risk, may cause amenorrhea, irregular bleeding, spotting, headaches, progestin related effects

IUDs: nonhormonal

very effective, up to 12 years, sexual activity maintained, no hormone change, can use while breastfeeding, emergency contraception, increases period flow, cramping, backaches, can be expelled

IUDs: hormonal

very effective, 3-6 years, sexual activity maintained, reduce cramps + lighter period, can breastfeed, STI risk, cramping, backaches, can be expelled

male condoms

no STI risk, no prescription, no side effects, interrupts experience, reduced sensation

female condoms

no STI risk, no prescription, no side effects, interrupts experience, reduced sensation, more expensive, hard to use

vaginal spermicides

chemicals kill sperm, STI risk, no prescription, can be used with condoms and barrier methods, interrupts sexual experience, skin irritation, not effective for use without a condom

cervical barrier methods: diaphragm

blocks cervix, made to fit, put in before sex, several years of use, no medical side effects, decreased cervical cancer, STI risk, increased UTIs, requires practice, vaginal/cervical irritation

cervical barrier methods: cervical cap

put in before sex, 1 year of use, no perscription, loop for removal, STI risk, requires practice, cervical/vaginal irritation

sterilization: tubal sterilization

tiny coil prevents ovum and sperm from meeting, highly effective and permanent, lower risk of ovarian cancer, safest and least expensive of sterilization, STI risk, not easy to reverse

sterilization: vasectomy

cuts and closes each vas deferens, blocks sperm, easier procedure, cheaper, lower failure rate than female sterilization, no STI protection, not easy to reverse

fertility awareness: symptothermal method

most effective, no side effects, acceptable in catholic church, STI risk, careful observation and tracking

contraceptive failure rate

number of women/100 who got pregnant by the end of their first year using a specific method

outercourse

all forms of sexual intimacy other than penis-vagina intercourse (kissing, masterbation, oral, anal)

progestin

prevents ovulation and follicular maturation, alters cervical mucus

symptoms of a serious problem with IUD

PAINS: period late/no period; abdominal pain; increased temperature/fever/chills; nasty discharge; spotting/bleeding/clots

nonhormonal IUD: paragard

copper alters tubal and uterine fluids, affecting sperm and egg to block fertilization

hormonal IUD: Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena, Liletta

disrupts ovulatory patterns, thicken mucus, alter endometrial lining, impair tubal mobility

calendar (rhythm) method

estimates when ovulating by keeping a chart, no oral contraception, 75% effective, first day of period = day 1, high risk days= subtract 18 from days of shortest cycle, unprotected = subtract 10 from longest cycle

standard days method

avoid intercourse days 8-19 of menstrual cycle, 82% effective,

mucus (ovulation) method

reads and charts amount and texture of discharge, 78-90% effective, dry days = after menstruation; yellow/white sticky = avoid unprotected; clear/stringy = ovulatory mucus, 24 hrs after it is safe again

basal body temp method

before ovulation, body temp in resting state after waking up drops; after, corpus luteum releases progesterone = body temp rises

symptothermal method

daily recording of basal body temp, mucus, cervical position

lactational amenorrhea method

women breast feeding experience lack of menstruation, low risk of pregnancy in first 6 months after delivery

douching

ineffective, sperm reach uterus in minutes, water may actually help sperm, irritation possible

hormone detected by pregnancy test

human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by placenta

miscarriage

spontaneous abortion within first 20 weeks of pregnancy, 13% of known pregnancies

stillbirth

death of a fetus after 20 weeks

elective abortion

a choice to terminate a pregnancy via medical procedure, financial reasons most common

age of viability

time when a fetus can survive independently outside a woman’s body

an __ number of couples are choosing __ be parents

increasing, not to

capacity for sexual response in infancy

present from birth, most kids in the first 2 years discover genital stimulation (sensorimotor)

puberty

reproductive organs mature, triggered by release of gonadotropins, typically between 11-20 but most changes within first few years, onset: 8-14

puberty in boys

testes increase testosterone production, age 11-12

secondary sex characteristics in boys

facial hair, body hair, pubic hair, deeper voice

puberty in girls

ovaries produce more estrogen, age 9-10

secondary sex characteristics in girls

body hair, pubic hair, breast size

childhood masturbation/sex play

generally not before 2.5/3 years, likely between 4-7 years, hugging, kissing, “doctor”, “house”

why do girls grow faster

estrogen is a better facilitator of growth hormone secretion by the pituitary gland than is testosterone, puberty = growth

primary sex characteristics in females

thicker vaginal walls, larger uterus, vaginal secretions, first period (menarche): age 12-13

primary sex characteristics in males

larger prostate and seminal vesicles, first ejaculation around 13

sex risk approach

preventing adolescent sexual behavior by promoting abstinence from sexual activity as the solution

sex-positive approach

viewed sexual interest and experience during adolescence as norma and potentially healthy, increasingly used

condom use in youth has __ in recent years

decreased

the number of births from adolescents in the US has __ steadily.

decreased

highest rate of adolescent pregnancy in western nations

the US

consequences of adolescent pregnancy

higher risk of health complications (anemia, hemorrhage, miscarriage, death), higher prenatal and infant mortality rates, higher risk of STI, the child is at greater risk of physical/cognitive/emotional problems

comprehensive sex education

treats absinence as one option in a curriculum that provides accurate info about development, contraception, pregnancy, and STIs, consent, gender, etc; effective

abstinence-only programs

instructed to abstain from sex until marriage, contraception talk prohibited or only permitted to emphasize shortcomings ot birth control methods, not effective

common behaviors at 5-7

marriage script enactment begins (playing “house”)

common behaviors at 8-9

girls and boys play seperately

common behaviors at 10-11

interest in bodily changes

adolescent pregnancy in the US is

decreasing

who is more likely than parents to provide info about sex

peers, often in a biased and inaccurate manner

what are STIs?

infections passed from person to person through sexual contact, chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, human papillomavirus (HPV), syphilis, and HIV

STIs are transmitted via

contact with skin, genitals, mouth, rectum, body fluids, via sex or blood, many can be transmitted from mother to child

chlamydia (bacterial)

bacterial microorganism that grows in body cells, teenage girls have highest infection rates, treated via antibiotic

two types of genital chlamydia infections in females:

1) infections of the lower reproductive tract, commonly manifested as urethritis or cervicitis 2) invasive infections of the upper reproductive tract, expressed as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

chlamydia symptoms

often none, if any- men: discharge/burning/itching from penis, pain and swelling in testes; women: pelvic inflammatory disease, disrupted menstruation, pelvic pain, raised temp, nausea, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, burning during urination; also can cause trachoma (leading cause of preventable blindness)

gonorrhea (bacterial)

bacterium is passed through oral, anal, vagincal contact, thrives in warm mucous membrane tissues of genitals, anus, throat

gonorrhea symptoms

women: green/yellow discharge (sometimes undetected), pelvic inflammatory disease; men: discharge from penis, burning while peeing, swelling of testes and inflammation of scrotum

nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) (bacterial)

inflammation of urethra caused by bacteria transmitted thru oral/anal/vaginal contact or allergic reactions, (trichomonas infection)

nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) symptoms

women: mild discharge of pus from vagina; men: discharge from penis and irritation when peeing

syphilis (bacterial)

treponema pallidum bacterium passed from open lesions during oral/anal/vaginal contact, associated with HIV, cases have increased recently

syphilis symptoms

primary: painless chancre where bacterium entered; secondary: chancre disappears, skin rash appears; latent: several year period of no visible symptoms; tertiary: heart failure, blindness, mental disturbance, death

herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

oral herpes, passed by skin to skin, kissing or oral-genital contact

most common herpes virus

varicella-zoster virus (VZV), or chicken pox

herpes simplex virus (HSV-2)

genital herpes, passed through skin to skin or oral/anal/vaginal contact

HSV symptoms

small painful red bumps near genitals/mouth, blisters form and rupture making wet open sores

human papilloma virus (HPV)

genital warts, passed thru oral/anal/vaginal contact, more than 100 types, most common

human papilloma virus (HPV) symptoms

genital warts (hard yellow gray growths or pinkish red cauliflower like growths), cervical cancer, mouth/throat cancer

viral hepatitis symptoms

varies from no symptoms to mild flu-like symptoms to incapacitating illness with fever, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain

hepatitis A (viral)

spread by oral-anal contact, especially when mouth encounters fecal matter, liver function is impaired

hepatitis B (viral)

passed through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and saliva, manual, oral, penile contact with anus strongly associated, liver function is impaired

hepatitis C (viral)

spread through intravenous drug use, contaminated blood products, sexual contact, mother-fetus/mother-infant contact, liver function is impaired

bacterial vaginosis (viral)

caused by replacement of normal vaginal lactobacilli by overgrowth of microorganisms, passed via sex, treated via oral medication or vaginal creams

bacterial vaginosis symptoms

men: asymptomatic; women: fishy/musty smell, ligh gray thin discharge (like flour paste)

candidiasis (yeast infection) (viral)

fungus Candidia albicans overgrowth when chemical balance of vagina is disturbed, passed via sex, can also be a result of pregnancy, oral contraceptives, diabetes (thrives in sugar), treated via oral meds or topical creams