Semester 2 Final

RNA contains the sugar

ribose

Unlike DNA, RNA contains

Uracil

Which of the following are found in both DNA and RNA

ribose, phosphate groups, and adenine

RNA

is usually single stranded

Which type of RNA brings the information in the genetic code from the nucleus to other parts of the cell

mRNA

Which of the following is true about transcription

DNA is copied to RNA

Which molecules are involved in protein synthesis

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

From which molecules are mRNA molecules transcribed

DNA

How many nucleotides are needed to specify three amino acids

9

There are 64 codons and 20 amino acids. Which of the following is true?

several codons can specify the same amino acid

Using the amino acid wheel, which amino acid is specified by the mRNA code CCC

Proline

Using the amino acid wheel, which code specifies the same amino acid as UAU

UAC

Using the amino acid wheel, which amino acid is specified by the DNA sequence ATA

tyrosine?

A promoter is

a start signal for replication

What happens during translation?

RNA goes to Protein

Which of the following terms is LEAST closely related to the others

spindle fiber?

During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the

codon on the mRNA and anticodon of the tRNA

protein is being assembled when

RNA is being translated

Genes contain instructions for assembling

proteins

Which is the correct sequence of the transfer of information in most organisms

DNA→ RNA→ Protein

In eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

A mutation that involves one or a few nucleotides is called

point mutation

Which of the following is a chromosomal mutation

(mutations are deletion, duplication, inversion, and translation)

When a chromosome undergoes a deletion mutation, information is

lost

What are some characteristics of polyploidy plants

bigger and stronger than diploid plants

What of the following diseases and conditions do not appear until later in a person's life

Huntington Disease

Sickle cell disease is caused by

inheriting a sickle cell gene

One of the most important jobs of a living cell is to

Maintain homeostasis

There are a total of \___ amino acids, and \___ of them are essential amino acids that we must consume in our diets

20, 9

What happens when a person does not consume all of the essential amino acids in their diet

body breaks down

The anticodon that matches the codon AUG, which codes for methionine is

UAC? Or TAC?

Which point mutation/s is/are a frameshift mutation

insertion or deletion

Putting foreign chemicals into living cells as well as exposure to high levels of energy are both considered

mutagens

One pattern Darwin observe aboard The Beagle was that there were similar, yet different species in similar environments on different continents. He called this

species varying globally

What pattern of distribution helps explain why in one particular lake you may have certain fish species present; however, in another lake nearby you have different species of fish present

species varying locally

The tortoise pictured at the right lives on which island of the Galapagos?

Hood Island

The species of finches that Charles Darwin found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain structural adaptations. One of the most significant adaptation the Darwin noted was the

Bird's different-shaped beaks

Based on the adaptation Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered

if species living on different islands had once been members of the same species

Biologists in Darwin's time had already begun to understand that living things change over time. How did Darwin contribute to these ideas?

He figured out and explained how these changes happened and supported his idea with evidence

On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular environments

Darwin first began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after

observations of many species and their geographical location

People of Charles Darwin's time understood that fossils were

were preserved remains of ancient organisms

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work suggests that

earth is many millions of years old

In the 1800s Charles Lyell emphasized that

past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today

James Hutton's and Charles Lyell's work was important to Darwin because these scientists

suggested that earth was old enough for evolution to have occurred

The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that

without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population

Darwin realized that the economist Mathlus's theory of population control

could be generalized to any population of organisms

When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of

artificial selection

When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for

natural variations that are present in a species

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, individuals who survive are the ones best adapted to their environment. Their survival is due to the

possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness

Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT

population size is very large

Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection

they are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment

Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

fitness

According to Darwin's theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have

variations best suited to environmental conditions

Which statement is part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?

more offspring are produced than can possibly survive

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explains each of the following EXCEPT how

inherited traits are passed from parents to offspring

Darwin's concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by

the work of gregor mendel

Biogeography is the study of

where species and their ancestors live

The number and location of bones of many fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates, This is evidence in support of which of the following concepts?

Common Descent

Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as

useful support for his theory

In humans the Pelvis and femur, or thigh bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and femur shown at the right are

vestigial structures

Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae, This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates

share a common ancestor with sea stars

Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes

the nearly universal genetic code

Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of

homologous structures

Which characteristic of Galápagos finches helped the Grants show the results of natural selection?

the size and shapes of their beaks

What principle does the Grants' investigation of finch adaptation in the Galápagos Islands best support?

natural selection

One oak seedling in a mature forest has the variation of being able to photosynthesize in reduced light conditions. This would most likely be a:

high fitness variation

Charles Darwin spent over two decades compiling data and research after his return from South America. In 1859 he published the book:

On the origin of Species

A coloration adaptation in which a species copies a more dangerous species in order to survive at a rate is known as

mimicry

The group of animals that exists in the highest number of species are?

insects

The first organisms to appear on Earth, some 3.8 billion years ago were:

Bacteria/ Prokaryotes

Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to

surviving in the environments in which they live

Darwin's voyage on the HMS Beagle lasted from 1831-1836. What were the primary objectives of the voyage?

to survey the coast of South America and study and observe as many species as he could

One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that they

oftentimes there are regional name differences for the same species.

Linnaean classification involves

both large and small categories of organisms.

One goal of systematics is to assign every organism a universally accepted name according to the system known as

binomial nomenclature

For many species, such as Felis concolor, there are differences in their

common names

At any level of organization, groups that have biological meaning are referred to as

taxa

To be useful, a scientific name has to refer to

a single species

According to the rules of binomial nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized?

the genus name only

Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same

species

The second part of a scientific name is unique to each

species in its genus

In Linnaeus's system of classification, how many levels are there?

7

Several different classes make up a

phylum

Which are the two highest level taxa in the Linnaean system?

Phylum and kingdom

Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class

Mammalia

Traditional classifications tended to take into account

visible similarities and differences

All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are

eukaryotes

hich kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell walls of chitin?

fungi

In Linnaeus's time, all life was divided into which two kingdoms?

animals and plants

Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called

Monera

The domain that corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria is

Bacteria

The domain that contains prokaryotic unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is

Archea

The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are

Bacteria and Archaea

The three-domain system arose in 1938 when scientists found that Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were more

dissimilar than scientists thought

Which kingdom is made of multicellular heterotrophs?

animalia

Kingdom Plantae includes photosynthetic autotrophs. What is their cell wall composed of?

cellulose

What was the primary reason why scientists classified all organisms as either a plant or an animal in the 1700's?

Scientists did not have the technology to view microorganisms or analyze cell structures

Based on the chart above, which two organisms are most closely related? How do you know?

Humpback whale and spider monkey-both have most similar classifications (mammalia)

Using the chart above, what is the scientific name for the spider monkey?

ateles?