Biology Final Semester #2 Save

Biotic

Living entities

Abiotic

Non-living entities

What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic?

Biotic is living and abiotic is nonliving.

What do Biotic and Abiotic factors have in common?

Both can affect the ecosystem they are in.

Identify the 7 characteristics of life.

Cells, use energy (metabolism), grow and develop, reproduce, homeostasis, have genetic material, and be able to respond to the environment.

List the levels of organization of life.

Subatomic Particle, Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Multicellular Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, and the Biosphere.

Independent variable

Is the manipulated variable (experimental). This is the variable you charge or the "cause".

Dependent variable

Is the responding variable. This is the affected variable or the result you measure - "affected".

What are controlled variables?

Variables that have no treatment.

What is a good control group?

A group that is identical to the experimental group in all ways except for the difference in the experimental condition.

What are the three most common graphs used?

Pie Charts, Scatter Plots, and Histograms.

Pie Charts

A circle graph that is used to show a relationship of the parts of a whole. The percentages are used to show how much a category occupies.

Scatter Plots

Uses dots to represent values for two different numeric variables. Different dots indicate values for individual points of data. Scatter plots are used to observe relationships between variables.

Histogram

Uses bars to represent the frequency of numerical data that has been organized into intervals.

Given a data set, identify which graph is most appropriate.

If you wanted to know what percentage of something you would use a pie chart, if you wanted to compare the values of two different numerical variables you would use a scatter plot, and if you wanted to represent the frequency of a certain amount of data over time you would use histogram.

Quantitative

Data refers to measurable observations. Tools for quantitative. Tools for quantitative data include: thermometers, measuring tape, and speedometer.

Qualitative

Data refers to observations using five senses: sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.

What is the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative observations?

The difference between quantitative and qualitative that in quantitative observations are done by using tools while qualitative refers to observations done by using our five senses.

Atom

The smallest, most basic unit of matter. Cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Identify part(s) and structure of an atom.

Protons, neutrons, electrons - subatomic particles

Protons

Positive charge subatomic particles.

Neutrons

Neutrally charged subatomic particles.

Electrons

Negatively charged subatomic particles.

Subatomic particles

Even smaller than an atom.

What is the structure of water?

Water's structure is made up of one slightly negatively changed oxygen molecule and two slightly positive hydrogen molecules. This makes the structure have polarity, this makes water "sticky". Water has hydrogen bonding, but inside that, covalent bonds form between the hydrogen molecules and the oxygen molecule. (H20)

What are the properties of water?

Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Adhesion

Cohesion

Allows water molecules to stick together. Causes water to form "bubbles" on the surface O "Co-" means together.

Surface Tension

The result of water molecules sticking to each other. They can resist forces applied to their surface, this is cohesion at work.

Adhesion

Allows water molecules to stick to surfaces.

Capillary action

Allows water to travel on surfaces.

List the four groups of organic compounds

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (glucose)

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharide (starch)

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

To provide short term energy and build structures.

What shape does the structure of carbohydrates resemble?

A hexagon

What is the monomer of protein?

Amino acids

What is the polymer of protein?

Proteins

What are the functions of proteins?

Speed up reactions, build structures, fight diseases (antibodies), and transport (hemoglobin).

What does the structure of a protein resemble?

A snowflake, with a central carbon in the middle.

What are the monomers of lipids?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

What are the polymers of lipids?

Triglycerides.

What is one function of lipids?

To store long term energy.

What important part of cell membranes do lipids make up?

Phospholipids.

What do lipid structures resemble?

A long chain.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is the primary function of nucleic acids?

To carry and transmit genetic information.

What shape does the structure of nucleic acids resemble?

A pentagon with protrusions.

Eukaryotic cells

Large, complex, the DNA is inside the nucleus, there is a wide variety of organelles, and are found in multicellular organisms

Prokaryotic Cells

Smaller, simpler, they have no nucleus, they were the first cell type to appear, and are typically found in unicellular organisms.

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells are complex while prokaryotic cells are not.

Describe how most small molecules cross a cell membrane.

Simple diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion through a semi - permeable membrane.

What is passive transport?

The movement of molecules across the cell membrane without using cellular energy.

What does passive transport rely on?

Natural processes.

How does the speed of passive transport compare to active transport?

Passive transport is slower.

Can cells build concentration gradients through passive transport?

No, cells cannot build concentration gradients through passive transport.

What is active transport?

The movement of materials against a concentration difference.

Does active transport require energy?

Yes, it requires energy (ATP).

Is active transport faster than passive transport?

Yes, it is faster.

What does active transport allow the cell to do?

It allows the cell to build up concentration gradients.

Distinguish between passive and active transport.

Passive transport does not require energy while active transport does require energy.

Describe what occurs during diffusion.

Diffusion is the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This process is the driving force behind the movement of many substances across the cell membrane.

Explain active transport.

Requires energy input by the cell, moves molecules against (up) a concentration gradient, always involves channel (membrane-spanning) proteins, molecules pass between the phospholipids, moves ions like Na+ and K+, and moves large molecules.The movement of materials against a concentration difference and it requires energy (ATP), is faster, and allows the cell to build up concentration gradients.

Identify the four stages of the cell cycle.

The four stages of the cell cycle are PMAT, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

What is prophase?

The first phase of mitosis.

How long does prophase usually last in mitosis?

It is usually the longest phase and may take up half of the total time required to complete mitosis.

What happens to genetic material during prophase?

The genetic material inside the nucleus condenses.

What becomes visible during prophase?

The duplicated chromosomes.

What happens to the nuclear membrane during prophase?

The nuclear membrane disintegrates.

What is metaphase?

The second phase of mitosis.

What is generally the shortest phase of mitosis?

Metaphase.

During metaphase, where do the centromeres of duplicated chromosomes line up?

Across the center of the cell.

What attaches to the centromere of the lined up chromosomes during metaphase?

Spindle fibers.

What is anaphase?

The third phase of mitosis.

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids suddenly separate.

How do chromosomes move during anaphase?

They move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.

What is telophase?

The final phase of mitosis.

What happens to chromosomes during telophase?

They begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin (loose DNA).

What reforms around the chromatin (loose DNA) during telophase?

The nuclear membrane.

What are the process that are not apart of the four stages of the cell cycle but are crucial for it to succeed?

Cytokinesis and Interphase

Interphase

The "in-between" period of growth, centrioles.

What stages are in Interphase (in order)?

G1, S, G2

G1 phase

Cells do the most of their growth, cells synthesize new proteins and organelles.

What phase of the cell cycle is associated with DNA replication?

S phase

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication

What happens to the amount of DNA in a cell by the end of the S phase?

The cell contains twice as much DNA as it did at the beginning.

G2 phase

Preparing for cell division, the shortest phase of interphase.

What is M phase?

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Completes the process of cell division by dividing one cell into two.

What does cytokinesis look like in animal cells?

The cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts.

What does cytokinesis look like in plant cells?

Because of how plant cells are rigid, a structure known as the cell plate forms halfway between the divided nuclei.

Define cell division.

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.

Given a parent cell's chromosome number, discuss the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell.

The number of chromosomes in each daughter cell will be equal to the number of chromosomes that the parent cell had.

Hypertonic

Water goes from high concentration to a low one, leaving the cell.

Hypotonic

Water goes from a low concentration to a high one, fills the cell up.

Isotonic

Where it stays the same, the cell neither grows nor shrinks.

What are the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration?

Glucose and Oxygen

What are the end products of aerobic cellular respiration?

Carbon Dioxide, ATP (36), and H2O.

Identify the overall equation for respiration.

6O2 + C6H12O6 - 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

What are the pathways of aerobic cellular respiration?

The pathways going down include the Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport. Glycolysis is anaerobic but is included.