Globalisation and Crime

Globalisation definition

Growing interconnnectedness of the world, blurring of borders through increased tech, cheaper travel creating shared culture

Media and technology leading to crime

New opportunty for crime:

Cyber enabled crime

Cyber dependent crime

Low risk percieved as hard to tackle, limited police resources, global scale , and difference in cyber law internationally

Organised crime - Glenny

McMafia

Rose as fall of communism

KGB an leaders still had power, Government regulated pricing but after fall most sectors were deregulated and remained at old cheaper prices could buy in stock and sell at higher prices abroad

Mafia offered protection of wealth and means of transport out of country, created links around the world

Increased travel more opportunity

Created new crime, trafficking , globalised drug trade

Increased economic immigration creates global risk consciousness, anxieties about jobs, crime and disorder and war on drugs, trafficking

Increased border control, no limit on being held in custody, CCTV, thermal imaging

Media create panics about danger of immigration to make profits, more travel and media introducing to more cultures creates more hate crime

Global risk consciousness

risk, insecurity and anxieties aren’t tied to one area but is felt globally

Globalisation and capitalism - Taylor

Big corporations moving overseas to third world countries

Exploit less health and safety laws, lower wage, less tax to make more profit

Creates unemployment for male WC that were working these manual labour jobs, increased job insecurity, less tax to state so raise it, cuts to welfare spending and benefits, material deprived

Media advertise, luxurious, materialistic lifestyle to them but can’t afford, feel frustrated and relatively deprived, resort to crime get out frustration or even field

Glocal crime

Locally based but uses global networks e.g drug trade, drugs are produced locally using local connections and work but are distributed globally using increased transport and organised crime

Traditional criminology (Situ & Emmons)

An unauthorised act or omission that breaks the law

Difficult for green crime as it often has global and international consequences but different countries have different environmental laws

Lack of environmental laws in third world means ‘crimes’ aren’t always illegal

Green criminology - White

Study of harm done to the environment, human and or non-human animals (zemiology)

Transgressive criminology as oversteps traditional law breaking and takes it into global consideration

Is difficult to objectively measure something like harm that isn’t tangible

Primary green crime - South

Direct destruction and degradation of the environment:

• Air pollution: twice as many die now due to it compared to 20 years ago,

• Water pollution: half billion no access to clean water, 25 mil die to contaminated water, dump of waste, oil spills

• Deforestation: logging for grazing, pesticide in Andes to help war on drugs ruin food crops, contaminate water

• Species decline: 50 species extinct a day, trafficking of endangered species

Secondary green crime - South

Flouting of rules and regulations designed to prevent environment damage and disaster

• Hazardous waste and organised crime: waste is expensive to dispose of business seek illegal cheaper business to save money and then they dump illegally

• State violence against oppositional groups: state condemn terrorists but resort to their tactics e.g French secret service blow up Greenpeace boat in New Zealand killing one member as they were trying to prevent a green crime

Explanation of green crime: capitalism

Capitalism encourage to make max profits no matter what

Can pressure companies to seek illegal business to avoid costly healthy and safety laws to make profit

Get promotion, or been socialised into deviant subculture

Functionalists: company experience strain if can’t achieve goals, may begin to innovate to achieve

Rational choice, mystification gives low risk, profit is reward so break law

Mystification of green corporate crime

State and corporation have power to de-label, neutralise their crimes so aren’t prosecuted

State keep company in good light so can profit off of tax and jobs they provide, MPs may be shareholders

Laws in place but no enforced

Snider

State are reluctant to place laws and restrictions on companies as they could move business to another country and then state loses the tax they pay

People lose jobs if they move

Only do so when pressured by public

White

State and corporation take anthropocentric view (well-being and growth of people and country is most important, environment is secondary)

Green policies and protesters are a threat to growth and considered enemies if state (Greenpeace and French SS)

Evaluation of green crime

Difficult to objectively harm as many actions have consequences and harm someone

State crime - Green and Ward

Illegal or deviant act committed by, on behalf or with a state or its agencies to achieve its policies

Chambliss - State crime

Acts by the state that go against law of any country

Rothe and Mullins - State crime

Goes against international law

International law limited as only made for treaties between allies, doesn’t cover corruption, easy for powerful states to manipulate smaller ones

Merman - State crime

Violate human rights

Not universally agreed upon, not all countries believe in freedom from hunger

Zemiology - state crime

Measure of if it causes harm to environment, people, animals then it’s a crime

• Small role to play, duty

• Propaganda, dehumanise ‘enemy’

• Separation, wind down 9-5 job

Globalisation led to holocaust

• Science and tech