Biology - Circulatory System
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what are the major components of the circulatory system?
the heart, blood, and blood vessels
what are the major functions of the circulatory system?
delivering needed materials such as oxygen, glucose, hormones, and nutrients to the cells of the body
carrying waste products such as carbon dioxide from cells back into the lungs
fighting disease by transporting white blood cells throughout the body
distributing heat throughout the body
what is the function of blood vessels?
to act as transport "tubes" for blood
what are blood vessels made up of?
living cells and tissues
how many miles of blood vessels do you have in your body?
60,000 miles
what are arteries?
blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body's cells
what direction does blood flow in arteries?
away from the heart
what is the oxygen concentration in arteries?
blood is oxygenated (with 1 exception)
what is the pressure inside of arteries?
high
what is the thickness of the walls in arteries?
very thick
are there valves present in arteries?
no valves are present
what is the outermost layer of an artery/vein?
the connective tissue
what is the middle layer of an artery/vein?
smooth muscle
what is the innermost layer of an artery/vein?
endothelium
what are veins?
blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart
what direction does blood flow in veins?
back to the heart
what is the oxygen concentration in veins?
blood is deoxygenated (with 1 exception)
what is the pressure inside of veins?
low
what is the thickness of the walls of veins?
thinner than arteries
are valves present in veins?
yes, there are one way valves
what are capillaries?
microscopic vessels where there is an exchange of CO2 and O2 substances with cells
what direction does blood flow in capillaries?
from arteries to veins
what is the pressure inside of capillaries?
extremely low
what is the thickness of the walls of capillaries?
very thin
are valves present in capillaries?
no there are no valves present
what is the only layer of a capillary?
the endothelium
why are capillaries so thin?
so simple diffusion of CO2 and O2 can occur
what % of blood is made up of plasma?
55%
what is the function of plasma?
to transport blood cells, nutrients, hormones, and proteins throughout the body, maintain blood pressure and volume, and support blood clotting and immune function
where is plasma produced?
partially in the liver and in bone marrow
(do not quote me please keith did not teach us this and google has 30 different answers)
what does plasma look like?
it is a straw colored liquid
what % of blood is made up of red blood cells?
45%
what is the function of red blood cells?
to transport oxygen from your lungs to your body's tissues
where are red blood cells produced?
in bone marrow
what is hemoglobin?
the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells
what % of blood is white blood cells?
<1%
what is the function of white blood cells?
defending the body against infections and diseases
where are white blood cells produced?
in bones
what % of blood is platelets?
<1%
what is the function of platelets?
stopping and preventing further bleeding in the site of a wound
where are platelets produced?
in bones
what are stem cells?
cell with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body
what is the function of stem cells?
to serve as the repair system for the body
what are the two main types of stem cells?
embryonic and adult
how are stem cells different from other cells?
they can divide and renew themselves over a long period of time
they are unspecialized, so they cannot do specific functions in the body
they have the potential to become specialized cells such as muscle cells, blood cells, and brain cells
how many chambers are in the heart?
4
what are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
atria
what are the two lower chambers of the heart called?
ventricles
your heart is about the size of your fist and very __________________
muscular
what kind of blood does the left atrium receive?
oxygenated blood
what kind of blood does the right atrium receive?
deoxygenated blood
what do the ventricles do with the blood they receive?
they pump it to the lungs or to the rest of the body
what muscular wall separates the left and right atrium?
the septum
what way does blood flow?
in the same direction
what do valves do?
they prevent blood from flowing in the opposite direction
what are the names of the valves?
(in order from right atrium to left)
tricuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
mitral valve
blood pathway of deoxygenated blood
right atrium ---> tricuspid valve ---> right ventricle ---> pulmonary valve ---> pulmonary artery ---> lungs
blood pathway of oxygenated blood
lungs ---> pulmonary vein ---> left atrium ---> mitral valve ---> left ventricle ---> aortic valve ---> aorta
what artery carries deoxygenated blood (the 1 exception)
the pulmonary artery
what vein carries oxygenated blood (the 1 exception)
the pulmonary vein
what is the heart's natural pace maker?
the sinoatrial node (SA)
what part of the brain controls the heart rate?
the medulla oblongata
where can you feel your pulse?
your neck, top of foot, and wrist
what is the average resting pulse?
60/80 beats per minute
when can fetal heart rate be detected in the womb?
as early as 6 weeks
what is blood pressure?
the measure of the pressure against blood vessel walls
what is a typical blood pressure?
120/80 beats per minute
what is high blood pressure called?
hypertension
what is arteriosclerosis?
when blood clots or plaques partially or fully block one of the coronary arteries that provide the heart with O2
what is a heart attack?
when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked, preventing the heart from receiving oxygen (also called myocardial infarction)
what is arrhythmia
an abnormal heart rhythm, irregular heart beat
what is a stroke?
when a blood vessel providing the brain with oxygen and nutrients bursts and is blocked
what is the thickness of the walls in arteries?
very thick