study guide exam 1

what is anatomy

describes the structures of the body, what they are made up, where they are located, associated structures

what is macroscopic (gross) anatomy

examines large visible structures that could be seen with the naked eye

what is microscopic anatomy

the study of examining cells and molecules

what is cytology

the study of cells

what is histology

the study of tissues

what is physiology

the study of the functions of those structures

what is cell physiology

study of the activities that take place in a cell to keep it alive

what is organ physiology

the study of the functions of specific organs

what is systemic physiology

the study of specific organ systems, such as how they function

what is pathology

the study and diagnosis of disease

what is disease

any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism

what is pathological physiology

the study of the disordered physiological process associated with a disease or injury

a patient may present with….

signs (such as fever), symptoms (such as tiredness)

what are symptoms

any type of physical or mental changes that occur in a person which differs from their state of homeostasis

what is a diagnosis

The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms

what are the characteristics of something living

locomotion, breathing, being able to maintain homeostasis, carry on metabolism

non living definition

any form without a life, such as an inanimate body or object

what are examples of something non living

atoms and chemicals

why is it important to understand anatomy and physiology

helps in assessing, evaluating, diagnosing and tracking a patient's health

what are the levels of organization

atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the human organism

what are atoms

the smallest stable unit of matter

what are molecules

consist of groups of atoms

what are compounds

a substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined

what are chemicals

any substance that has a defined composition

what are macromolecules

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms

what are cells

the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body

what are tissues

A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function

what are the types of tissues

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

what are organs

two or more tissues working together to preform a specific function

what are organ systems

groups of organs working together

how many organ systems does the human body have

12

what are all the organ systems

integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, lymphatic, urinary, endocrine, male reproductive system, female reproductive system, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive

what is an organism

living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

homeostasis definition

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

what is homeostatic regulation

essential metabolic process of the body that maintains internal, physical, and chemical balances of all organ systems of all living organisms.

what is autoregulation (intrinsic)

the continual automatic adjustment or self-regulation to maintain a stable state

what is extrinsic regulation

Homeostatic regulation which \n results from the activities of the \n nervous or endocrine system, \n organ systems that can control or \n adjust the activities of many \n different systems simultaneously.

what is the nervous system

includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body

what does CNS mean

central nervous system

what is the control center (integration center)

body structure that determines the normal range of the variable, or set point

interneurons definition

the ones in between - they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons

what does PNS mean

Peripheral Nervous System

what is a receptor

A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell

what are sensory neurons

the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

what are sensory nerves

carry signals to your brain to help you touch, taste, smell and see

what are motor neurons

cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions

what are motor nerves

nerves responsible for all voluntary skeletal and somatic movement such as moving the leg or arm

what is an effector

a bodily tissue, structure, or organ that becomes active in response to stimulation

what is feedback

a physiological regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to homeostasis

what is a negative feedback loop

reduce the change or output, the result of a reaction is reduced to bring the system back to a stable state

what is positive feedback loop

intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it

what is the state of equilibrium

neither the internal energy nor the motion of the body changes with respect to time.

what is superficial anatomy

the study of the external features of the body

anatomical position definition

the specific body orientation used when describing an individual's anatomy

supine definition

lying back with the face upward

prone definition

laying back face down

side lying definition

lateral position, the patient lies on one side

what are the anatomical regions

right and left hypochondrium, right and left lumbar, right and left inguinal, epigastric, umbilical and hypogastric regions.

what are the abdominopelvic quadrants

RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ

what are the abdominopelvic regions

Umbilical region, Epigastric region, Hypogastric region, Right inguinal region

what are directional terms

describe the positions of structures relative to other structures or locations in the body

superior definition

above, toward the head

inferior definition

below, toward the feet

medial definition

toward the midline

lateral definition

away from midline

anterior (ventral) definition

the front side

posterior (dorsal) definition

the back side

cranial (cephalic) definition

the skull

caudal definition

toward the tail

proximal definition

toward the point of an attachment

distal definition

away from the point of attachment

superficial definition

relatively close to the surface of the body

deep definition

farther from the surface of the body

ipsilateral definition

On the same side of the body as another structure or a given point

contralateral definition

on the opposite side of the body

transverse (horizontal) section definition

divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions

frontal (coronal) section definition

dividing the body into dorsal and ventral parts

sagittal section definition

divides the body into equal right and left portions

oblique section definition

any plane that is not horizontal or vertical

what are body cavities

any open space within the body

what is the dorsal body cavity

lies close to the spine in the posterior portion of the body, contains the spinal column, central nervous system, and meninges

what does the cranial cavity contain

the brain

what does the spinal cavity contain

the spinal cord

what is the ventral body cavity

includes the thoracic cavity, enclosed by the ribcage and contains the lungs and heart, and the abdominopelvic cavity

what does the pleural cavity contain

right and left lungs

what does the pericardial cavity contain

the heart

what is the mediastinum

area between the lungs contains esophagus, aorta, and the inferior vena cava

what does the abdominopelvic cavity contain

digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs

what does the abdominal cavity contain

mostly digestive organs

what does the pelvic cavity contain

urinary and reproductive organs

what is chemistry

the study of matter, analysing its structure, properties and behaviour to see what happens when they change in chemical reactions

what is matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

weight definition

heaviness, the degree to which a body is drawn toward the earth by gravity

what are subatomic particles

a particle which is smaller than an atom in size, its fundamental makeup of all matter

what is a proton

small, positively charged particle of matter found in the atoms of all elements

what is an atomic number

the number of a chemical element in the periodic system

what is a neutron

uncharged (neutral) particle that has a mass nearly equal to a proton and is present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus

what is mass number

the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

what is an electron

small particle with a negative charge that is found in all atoms

an electron cloud contains

A group of electrons circulating around a nucleus or a molecule