DRR - 3RD QUARTER: EXAM

Hazard

• A natural event that can cause harm (earthquake, volcano, typhoon).

• a process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life injury or other health impacts, property dmg, social and economic disruption

Disaster

• sudden calamitous event bringing great damage (from. Merriam Webster Dictionary)
  

• Happens when a hazard affects a vulnerable community that cannot cope.

2. Risk = (H × E × V) ÷ C

Disaster Risk Formula

Exposure

• degree which elements such as people and properties are at risk to potentional losses due to a hazard

• People, buildings, and activities located in hazard-prone areas.

Vulnerability

Weaknesses that increase the chance of harm (physical, social, economic, attitudinal).

Capacity

• ability of a community, society or org. in terms of its available resources

• Strengths or resources that help reduce losses (evacuation centers, rescue teams, drills).

Earthquake

• the rubblings shaking of the ground or rolloing of the earths surface

• Shaking caused by the sudden movement of rocks underground.

Focus

The point inside the Earth where the earthquake starts.

Epicenter

The point on the surface directly above the focus.

Seismicity

• the type, magintude, and rate of occurence of earthquake

• The frequency and pattern of earthquakes in an area.

Magnitude

• proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus

• calculated with a seismograph

• Energy released at the focus; same value everywhere.

Intensity

• the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality

• Effects felt by people and structures; changes with distance from the epicenter.

Ground Shaking

• vibration of the ground during an e.q

• Vibrations that can cause buildings and objects to collapse.

Ground Rupture

• offset of the ground surface when fault ruptore extends to the earths surface

• Breaking of the ground along a fault line.

Liquefaction

• the way in which soil liquefies during ground shaking

• Water-soaked soil behaves like a liquid, causing buildings to tilt or sink.

Ground Subsidence

• can occur in various ways during and earthquake

• movement that occurs along faults can be vertical or horizontal

• Sinking or downward settling of the ground.

Landslides

• Rocks and soil move down slopes triggered by earthquakes.

Tsunami

• long wavelength oceanic waves generated by a sudden displacement of seawater

• Long ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes.

disaster risk

focused likelyhood of a community to experience loss of life, injury or destruction and damage from a disaster

Economic

• a perspetive on disaster

• status of economy, loss of jobs, properties

Psychological

• property

• mental health conditions (as PTSD)

Physical

• property

  • physical damage on infrastructure

sociocultural

• property

• change in individual or social relationships and personal connections

politcal

• property

• government leadership and trust in public

biological

• property

• diseases, virus, hunger, loss of life

high H, E, V / low capacity

high risk formula

low h, e, v / high capacity

low risk forumula

vulnerability

• degree of susceptilibility or proness of a community to the damaging effects of a hazard

• condition that makes people or properties more likely to be harmed

physical vulnerability

is determined by:

• population density levels

• remoteness

• site/ location

• design and materials of infrastructure

Economic vulnerability

• dependent upon the economic status of individual, communities

social vulnerability

refers to inability of people org, and societies to withstand adverse impacts to hazards due to characteristics ingerent in social interactions

attitudinal vulnerability

• community which has attiude towards change and lacks initiative in life resultantly become more and more dependent on external support

geological hazards

• large scale, complex natural events that happen on land

  • earthquake,landslide, volcanic, sinkhole

volcano

is an opening in the crust that ejects magma and forms a fissure or located in a mountain or oceanic ridge

active volcano

• regularly erupt within the last 600 years; include those volcanoes identified farther back in time to have erupted in the last 600 years

• Ex: Mt. Mayon (most active), Mt. Pinatubo (biggest erupt), Taal(active)

dormant volcanoes

volcanoes that erupted in the last 10,000 years but may still erupt in the future

extinct volacanoes

volcanoes with no record of eruptions however they may not completly extinct due to their emission of sulfer. Ex: Arayat

Lava Flow

• cascading lava(surface lava) in the form of steams from the erupting vent down the slope\

• less viscosity; faster movement

dome growth

formation of lava dome from viscous magama solidified along the vent

pyroclastic flow

composed of extremely hot mixture of rock fragments, expanding gases, and ashes with a temperature greater than 800 degrees

pyroclastic surge

similar to pyroclastic flow but has less rock but more gases, maknig it less dense

ballistic projectiles

this happens due to the built-up gas pressure that quickly launches the volcanic materials particularly volcanic bomb and blocks bigger

tephra fall

any rock fragment or pyroclastic material ejected during a volcanic eruption contains various volcanic materials like ash, lapili, blocks, bombs

volcanic gases

mixture of gases that include water, hydrogen sulfide, sulfer, etc

lahar

also known as mudflow or volcanic debris which is composed of a mixture of volcanic debris and water that has the consistency of wet concrete. It moves down the slope of a volcano

volcanic hazard map

is utilized to provide info on the potentioal damaging effects of a volcanic erruption that can be used as a basis for disaster mitigation plans oof a locality